Salem witch trials Essay Example For Students

Salem witch preliminaries Essay The Salem witch preliminaries Essay began in 1692 brought about 19 executions and 150 allegations of black magic. This is one of the verifiable occasions nearly everybody has known about. It is a theme that is discussed, and can be viewed as disputable. A statement by Laurie Carlson shows exactly how dubious the subject can be. (A) character fantasy is unquestionably what the witch chases in Europe furthermore, Salem have become, however they have more premise in reality than most fantasies. The accounts of the witch chases are character legends for our time, to be told by women's activists, left-wing educated people, furthermore, legal counselors for President Clinton, each taking what the person needs from the story, including or The preliminaries started on the grounds that three little youngsters, Betty Parris, Abigail Williams, and Ann Putnam started having insane fits subsequent to being found taking part in illegal fortune telling. That is correct fortune telling, not moving exposed in the forested areas like the story has been advised to numerous times (2). The fortune advising happened on the grounds that they were attempting to discover what sort of men they would wed. Betty Parris father was a reverend of the town on Salem, Massachusetts. The Reverend, Samuel Parris brought in senior specialists to decide whether the young ladies distress was brought about by black magic. In spite of the fact that Betty was sent away reasonably soon, and didn't take an interest in the preliminaries, the staying two young ladies were joined by other youthful and elderly people ladies in arranging open exhibits of their tribulation when within the sight of blamed witches. The occasions in Salem have been utilized as a subject in numerous scholarly works. Anthropologists additionally check out these compositions since they show a portion of the qualities of town black magic just as a portion of the highlights of the European witch fever. Numerous reporters have seen the Salem witch furor as the last flare-up of the European witch fever which was moved to North America. As in African and new Guinea towns, the first allegations in Salem were made against individuals who the informers had motivation to loathe or fear. Besides, the initial not many of the blamed fit the definition for negligible people liable to stir doubt. Be that as it may, as in Europe, the allegations spread, and before long enveloped individuals not engaged with any of Salems hard feelings or issues. As in Europe, there was a conviction that the blamed were in Assumed specialists went out to do logical investigations to analyze black magic. Curiously, during the provincial time frame in Africa, soon after WWII, there was various witch discovering developments in Africa that firmly looked like the Salem scene. Commonly in these witch discovering developments, the witch discoverers would roll in from outside a town and guarantee to be capable to free the town of the entirety of its black magic. At this period there was extraordinary separation, with individuals moving around as a result of government business, appropriate farmland, and numerous different causes. A few people were improving their monetary status because of these change, and others finished up being more awful off. While previously, everybody in an area had followed a similar religion, individuals were presently presented to Christianity and the neighborhood religions of individuals who had moved to their area, or whose areas they had moved to. In the urban communities of focal and Southern Africa, numerous neighborhood religions and Christian factions could be found, just as Islam. Faith in black magic would in general join individuals across strict contrasts. Furors expanded all through time, individuals started to be denounced who had not stimulated a specific jealousies, conceivably on the grounds that they had a particular looking thing which may be said to contain enchanted medication. These rages would in general fade away, at any rate after significant clash and property harm, and the witch discoverers would then proceed onward to the following town. As black magic allegations despite everything happened in the zones, we can infer that the developments didn't dispose of witches for eternity. Witch Trials 4 There have been three fundamental methodologies taken to the investigation of the Salem witch preliminaries. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: The Role of Women Essay With Massachusetts in their possession, the Puritans could make their optimal state with no impedance from over the oceans (27: 358). In June .

History: Luzon and Philippine Folk Dances

Pandanggo sa Ilaw Luzon Folk Dance (Candle Dance) Pandanggo sa Ilaw †This well known move of effortlessness and equalization originates from Lubang Island, Mindoro in the Visayas area. The term pandanggo originates from the Spanish word fandango, which is a move described by vivacious advances and applauding that shifts in mood in 3/4 time. This specific pandanggo includes the nearness of three tinggoy or oil lights, adjusted on the head and the rear of each hand. . It is said to have begun from Mindoro, the seventh-biggest island in the Philippines.This move of lights reproduces fireflies at nightfall and around evening time. The music to which the pandanggo sa ilaw is presently generally moved was created by Col. Antonio R. Buenaventura, a National Artist for Music and a local of Bulacan. He composed the music at some point in the mid 1930's while instructing at the Conservatory of Music at the University of the Philippines Costumes: . Kimono, Saya and Malong. History of Panda nggo sa Ilaw These a fore referenced Philippine society moves are ethnic in nature and origin.On the other hand, there are a few Philippine people moves that were impacted by some Western nations as a portion of these had colonized Philippines before. One such nation is Spain. A portion of the alleged â€Å"influenced† Philippine people moves are the accompanying: Pandango sa Ilaw, Carinosa, Balitao and Rigodon. To close, these people moves whether ethnic in starting point or not mirror the exuberant culture that the Filipinos have. These moves might be different however through these social structures, the Filipinos are brought together and pleased by method of having Philippine society moves that are really one of the bests on the planet.

Early Action Decisions are Now Available - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Early Action Decisions are Now Available - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Early Action Decisions are Now Available Early Action decisions are now available online! You can view the press release with some statistics about EA students who were admitted here. For students who were deferred, please understand that this is not a denial decision. We want to be able to have a more in-depth review of you, including short essays, activities, recommendations, etc. Please be sure to read the deferred student FAQpage before commenting on here. If you have questions about your specific decision, please do not post them on this blog. As well, do not give out or request personal academic information in your post, as we would then need to delete these posts. We are not able to answer questions about individual students here because we will generally not have your information in front of us and we cannot disclose individual student information in a comment. I would recommend talking with both your family and high school counselor first, then reviewing this previous poston suggestions about how to react to an EA decision, and finally reading the FAQs available from your myStatus page. Please be patient, be nice and be courteous. Have a great weekend and go Dawgs!

Identity Development in Great Expectations Essay - 1383 Words

Great Expectations tells the ultimate rags to riches story of the Orphan Pip. Dickens takes his readers through life changing events that ultimately mold the identity of the main character. Dividing these events into sections will provide the basis for interpreting which events had the most profound effect on Pip’s identity towards the end of the novel. These life-changing events provide the catalyst for the development of Pip’s character from childhood, his adolescence, maturing into a social gentleman, and finally becoming a self-aware man of society. The novel opens with Pip in a church cemetery explaining the origin of his name and contemplating how his parents would look if they were alive. Early in the novel, Dickens begins†¦show more content†¦Pip expresses that he ...loved Joe perhaps for no better reason than because the dear fellow let me love him implying that Pip may have a problem expressing the way he feels about those in his life (Dickens 41). This lack of expression remains present in Pip’s character throughout the novel, especially with frustration for the way he feels about Estella. Pip earning his expectations put a strain on the already limited relationship that he had with Joe, once Pip began to realize that Joe’s occupation was meager and unfit for someone with Pip’s means. As mentioned before, Pip possess and inability to fully express his feeling about those around him. When he first encounters Estella, he knows that is a physical attraction but Estella’s cold and indifferent actions toward Pip leave him longing for someone he cannot create a true connection with. Furthermore, Estella has the one of the greatest influence on Pip’s identity in the novel once he obtains his expectations and attempts to alter his personality to mimic that of a genteel individual. Pip describes the anguish he feels about his background as â€Å"a most miserable thing to feel ashamed of home† insinuating that the only way to win Estella over is to disregard his humble beginnings in Kent. Which leads to his desires to become a gentleman in London in hopes that he will be better suited for Estella. The next phase in theShow MoreRelatedWho Is The Leader Follower Theory?845 Words   |  4 PagesLeader – Follower Theory Those in leadership positions within workplace environments often look towards ways to effectively lead teams of people to reach organizational goals Frequently believing there is one great method to be applied at all times without giving must thought to the possibility of building relationships with team members. Including the social aspect of team building can provide limitless opportunities for a team to excel while still staying focused on workplace goals. HoweverRead MoreEnglish As An Important Requirement For Teaching English790 Words   |  4 Pagesuniversity entry or getting well-paid jobs offers. Considering students’ various goals for learning English along with the time, money, and effort they devote to study the language, it is clearly evident that students come to learn English with specific expectations regarding the way of language teaching and the learning outcome (Bordia, Wales Pittam, 2006). For instance, students who aim to learn English for academic p urposes or to improve their TOEFL or ILETS tests scores may expect to read and write moreRead More The Developing Adolescent Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesthe patterns and problems of development (Berger, 2008 p33). Adolescence represents one of the most critical developmental periods in life. It is a time of profound changes on all levels. The importance of both family and peers during these years is also discussed. The relationship between adolescent and his or her family are very important in the adolescents ability to develop through these years. One of the earliest theorists to shed light on adolescent development was Erik Erikson. He developedRead MorePersonal Identity In The Kite Runner And Mister Pip1434 Words   |  6 Pagesone talks about personal identity is often based on the prevailing belief that identity is constructed by morality, which forms within oneself. Although this is true, to create morality, one must look to outside influences. Using the novels, the Kite Runner and Mister Pip it can be proven that relationships, ethnicity, and important life events create a personal identity. The meaningful relationships that Amir has with others are significant to the development of his identity. Although there are severalRead MoreBranding Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pagesbrand. After explaining how this cultural and aspirational aspect is characterized in the minds of consumers and brands, it will be interesting to know its origins and consequences, finally understand why and how a brand builds a culture and a strong identity. The success of a brand depends not only on the functional value it offers to consumers, its reputation and good health depends heavily on the emotional value it adds through its products. And the brands gain momentum in todays culture, theyRead MoreAnalysis Of Tom Jones s Mister Pip Essay1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Tension In Mister Pip, Lloyd Jones explores the ability of the creative space of literature to mediate transformations of culture and identity. Set during the Bougainville civil war in the early 1990s, the island’s sole white inhabitant, Mr Watts reopens a dilapidated schoolhouse and reads Great Expectations to the village children. Written in the first person retrospective narrative style, we witness how the villagers are caught in the military conflict just as inexorably as MatildaRead MoreBranding Essay1262 Words   |  6 Pagesbrand. After explaining how this cultural and aspirational aspect is characterized in the minds of consumers and brands, it will be interesting to know its origins and consequences, finally understand why and how a brand builds a culture and a strong identity. The success of a brand depends not only on the functional value it offers to consumers, its reputation and good health depends heavily on the emotional value it adds through its products. And the brands gain momentum in todays culture, theyRead MoreAcademic Socialization : Differences And Challenges1227 Words   |  5 Pagesbring with them Socially transmitted expectations, beliefs and values about what good learning is, what constitutes a good teacher and a good student and what their roles and relationships should be; about learning and teaching styles, approaches and methods; about classroom interaction and activities; about the use of textbooks; about what constitutes good work (Jin Cortazzi, 1997, pp. 38-39) These cultural and educational expectations would have a great impact on student learning and interactionRead MoreIn South Africa, adolescence is a sensitive period, and not a critical period, for identity1600 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod, for identity development as it is â€Å"a period during which normal development is most sensitive to abnormal environmental conditions† (Bruer, 2001). When looking at South Africa particularly, the abnormal environmental conditions would be apartheid, and one will see its profound effects on identity development. Adolescence is a sensitive period rather than a critical period as a critical period focuses on a system that â€Å"requires a specific kind of experience if normal development is to occur†Read MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 Pagesand maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or Ã¢â‚¬Ë œfemale’. Most people develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is different from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the role of females and males. Our gender identity can be influenced from the ethnicity of the group, their cultural background

Impact Of Environmental Communication On Public Sphere On...

Title: Impact of Environmental Communication in Public Sphere on Urban Youth in Gujarat 1 Introduction Environment has attained centrality in the national and international arena in the past few decades. The primary reason for this has been environmental degradation as a consequence of varied socio-economic, institutional and technological factors. The need for sensitisation is imperative and which can be substantially achieved through legislation and communication. Communication designs of environmental issues influence public awareness, opinion, and action. Environmental awareness or the subsequent lack thereof, have been on a rise for a while now with rise in population, changing political ideologies, increased private investments and overall privatisation and a dominant enshrining of the pro-development philosophy of the West. With such tendencies, as humans grow in number, so does the dependency on nature and the lookout for space, an insatiable cycle of production and consumption commences and with this, the Earth - our primary producer is reduced to commodity status. In a world dominated by human beings, where often the rights of the natural world and of animals dependent on it, are trampled upon, communication can play an important role in providing a channel for expression, discussion and action. Industrialisation continues to displace indigenous people on a large scale level resulting in various grassroots movements, all in the name of development. PeopleShow MoreRelatedPost Apartheid South Africa2901 Words   |  12 Pagesviewed as a privilege, but as a right that must be granted to all citizens especially the previously disadvantaged. The local government is the only sphere that is able to manage and implement this right. The provision of public services to the community is an indicator that is used to determine whether local government is being developmental. Public participation is essential to ensure that the community’s needs are taken into consideration and disparate areas are prioritized with the resources thatRead MoreRural - Urban Migration and Ways of Stopping the Migration3045 Words   |  13 PagesRural-urban linkage generally refers to the growing flow of public and private capital, people (migration and commuting) and goods (trade) between urban and rural areas. It is important to add to these the flow of ideas, the flow of information and diffusion of innovation. Adequate infrastructure such as transportation, communication, energy and basic services is the backbone of the urban-rural development linkage approach (Tacoli, 2004). There is a positive relationship between adequacy of transportationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Chronicle Of Aalborg Commitments3657 Words   |  15 Pagestowards Sustainability which was signed in 1994 at Aalborg, Denmark (ICLEI, 1994). The Charter is the first European Conference discuss about sustainable urban development. The Charter inspired by the Rio Earth Summit’s Local Agenda 21 in its (Local Agenda 21) urban agenda. The charter had shifted the attention of EU countries to focus on sustainable urban development (ICLEI, 1996). Ten years later in the year 2004, the Aalborg Commitments were established with 620 local municipalities signed the commitmentsRead MoreRacism and Ethnic Discrimination44667 Words   |  179 PagesAfro-descendent communities in Nicaragua 4.2.5 Colonization through development models on Indigenous land 4.2.6 The autonomy process in the Caribbean Coast 4.2.6.1 Development of a normative juridical framework 4.2.6.2 Advances in the establishment of public policies and structural transformations of the State 4.2.6.3 Construction of intercultural citizenship 4.2.7 The agricultural frontier: a new form of internal colonization 4.2.8 Current expressions of external colonization 13 14 14 5 Read MoreCorporate Social Responsibility15903 Words   |  64 PagesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) is a term describing a company’s obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholder in all its operation and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholder with their need to make profit. A company’s stakeholders are all those who are influenced by and can influence a company’s decisions and action, both locally and globally. BusinessRead MoreWomen Empowerment12463 Words   |  50 Pages but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. | |Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have| |aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. From the Fifth Five Year Plan (1974-78) onwards has| |been a marked shift in the approach to women’s issues from welfare to development. In recent years, | |the empowerment of women has been recognized as the central issue in determining the statusRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The American Industial Revolution Period Free Essays

The growth in large-scale industry and labor unions in the second half of the nineteenth century can be explained in many ways. Unlike earlier in the century, now there were broad markets, fast expansion in good economic times, thus causing a rise in demand for more goods. Additionally, new inventions with development in big business caused large scale industrialization to become possible. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Industial Revolution Period or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lastly, companies† ability to employ mass numbers of people to work in their factories for cheap further encouraged industries† growth. With companies hiring people to do hard work for cheap, labor unions form. Generally, as industries grew and grew the working conditions for the workers got worse and worse, encouraging an increase and growth of labor unions. America was a growing country. The expansion west needed industrial recourses. The railroad itself encouraged the industries of steel, coal, wood, glass and rubber. The expansion west was not the only thing that encouraged the growth of industry, good economic times and a rise in population fueled the growth of industry. People would want more â€Å"stuff† and houses would need to be built as well as highrise buildings in urban centers to accommodate the density of people in the cities. All these factors caused a rise in demand for industrial goods in a large market. There is more reason, though, that large-scale industries were growing. New inventions helped a great deal in making the large-scale manufacturing of industrial goods possible. The Bessemer process, for example, helped the manufacturing of steel in the steel industry, made it possible to produce large quantities of steel in a relatively short period of time. The invention of electric power by Thomas Edison allowed factory machinery to be run by electricity, cutting the cost of employing people to run the machinery while increasing the productivity of the machines. Always increasing productivity, these inventions and others like it were essential to progression of big industry. these were harnessed and effectively put into use by big businesses. Big businesses were the economic powers behind the growth of their industries. With corporations, unlike earlier, businesses could outlive their founders so that they could be allowed to thrive without having to worry and the death of the founder because with shares in the stock market, people could own parts of the company, there was never one person who was the sole owner. Additionally, in the late nineteenth century, there weren†t regulations which allowed the businesses to grow in ways which it wouldn†t be allowed to grow today. Often times, vertical integration allowed several types of industries to be grouped under one big company thus securing their operation. All these things helped the businesses prosper. Since the big businesses were behind the large-scale industries, the industries prospered too. Essential to the growth of large scale industry are the workers. Between 1870 and 1890, 8 million immigrants came to America for a better life, they ended up working in factories. Unlike the native workers, the immigrants were willing to work for cheap. This let the industry cut the cost of employing workers, in fact, many industries went to European sources to find workers for more cheap labor. The native Americans who, generally, were driven from the countryside got the higher paying supervisory jobs in the industries. So this â€Å"pool† of labor further allowed the large scale industries to grow more. The working conditions in these industries were horrible. Cutting costs in an industry was a big deal. Unfortunately, most of the time, cutting costs meant long hours for the workers, lower wages and requirements on the amount of work you do in a day which was usually too much. Because of these bad conditions labor unions were formed to protest against them, but mostly to force the companies to higher wages, lower hours or better working conditions. Since workers were essential to the operation of the industries, the labor unions often organized strikes to demand change in wage, hours etc†¦ In 1877 when wages for the workers in the Baltimore and Ohio railroad were cut by 20% there was the first nationwide strike that set the path for an era of confrontation between labor unions and management. Often, federal troops and state militia intervened because the strikes got violent and the movement collapsed but sometimes strikes were successful. The industrial revolution between 1865 and 1900 set a period of economic growth. The success of this industrial growth was due to a combination of contributing factors. A rise in demand for industrial goods along with growth in big business were the essential things in causing the growth of large-scale industry. Additionally new inventions that helped the manufacturing of these goods and cheap labor encouraged further this growth. In the big picture, this industrialization of the country fueled the growth of it in area, in population and finally, in economy. How to cite The American Industial Revolution Period, Essay examples

Why and How You Should Use Personalized Content

Why and How You Should Use Personalized Content Learn more about the benefits of personalized content and some of the top practices for your own content strategy. CortezTextbroker Marketing and CommunicationsBy now, it is no surprise to anyone in the world of marketing that content is a critical part of any strategy. However, even the best content in the world might get skipped over unless it is also interesting to each individual viewer. With so many advertisements inundating the web and dozens of calls-to-action at every turn, it is challenging to capture the attention of users online.One effective way to stand out from the crowd is through the use of content that has been personalized directly to the viewer. From targeted landing pages to personalized emails, find out how personalizing content can translate to more effective, persuasive and relevant content for your target audience. The Benefits of Personalizing Content Personalizing content to your audience brings in a number of benefits. A few of the most advantageous include increased engagement, funneling budget to the right ads and audiences, the ability to meet the expectations of your customers and overall better results for content campaigns.First, consider this scenario. Imagine that you create an ad to show on Facebook for your business and that you pay to have it seen by a random collection of 5,000 Facebook users. There is a good chance that, through this ad, your business would receive some attention on social media, increased website traffic and even some sales. Now, imagine that your business sells running gear for women and that you specifically targeted female runners on Facebook. This personalized approach means that your business is likely going to see far more sales, traffic and engagement as a result.Every business has a limited budget, whether that budget is for advertising, production or labor. As a result, all businesses that want to be successful will aim to be as efficient as possible in their spending. Whether your online market ing budget is $1,000 per year or $100,000,000 per year, the goal of efficient spending still applies. Overall, it makes far more sense to put your ad dollars where they can reach the most receptive audience. Personalizing content means that you can customize content for set groups and then encourage those specific groups to see the content.Personalizing content can also better meet the expectations of your customers. Often, customers know what they need, but they arent sure how to get that across to businesses. If you can swoop in and already have an idea of what they want, you can meet their expectations right off the bat and impress users and customers with your services or products. Drawbacks of Personalized Content and How to Avoid Them Clearly, personalizing content can be advantageous for many different types of businesses. However, it is worth considering the drawbacks of personalized content and how to avoid some of the most common pitfalls. There is a growing concern for pr ivacy among consumers, and that should not be ignored. In addition, there can be a strong negative reaction if personalized content greatly misses the mark. Lastly, businesses need to pay attention to the costs of personalizing content.There is a growing phenomenon where individuals talk about something with friends and then see that topic of discussion pop up in an ad later on while online. You might discuss a trip to Hawaii with your spouse and then get an email about a discount on a Honolulu hotel, or you might discuss the idea of buying a treadmill over brunch and then see treadmill ads all over Instagram shortly afterward. To a lot of people, this is more than just personalization: It is an invasion of privacy. While these businesses are in fact meeting the needs and expectations of consumers, it can be unsettling to some. To avoid consumers associating your brand with a lack of privacy, avoid hyper-personalization. Do not feel the need to be too specific with content, and swit ch up messaging occasionally to make the conversation feel organic.Another problem to avoid is overconfidence with personalization. Say, for example, that a man opens up his email inbox and finds an offer for 25% off womens clothing that makes the user feel uncomfortable. This very incorrect assumption about the recipient is not only not going to result in a sale, but it might well end up in the spam folder. When in doubt, generic content is probably a safer choice than a guess that could be wildly off base. Who is Personalizing Content? Many, many companies are personalizing content in order to reach the right audience in a targeted, specific way. Virtually every company, for example, advertises on social media, a process that has now become highly personalized. Major companies also send personalized emails and even offer up personalized landing pages on search engines.In B2B marketing, or business to business marketing, contact forms are often used to collect specific information about a potential business customer. If a buyer hails from a certain industry or a certain city, that information can be used to create customized content. Rather than sending one email out to all B2B contacts, businesses can create several versions of the content and send each recipient customized content.On social media, companies can run ads that are targeted to specific demographics. A resort in the Bahamas can post a sponsored advertorial geared toward families that talks about child-care options at the resort as well as an advertorial talking about romantic honeymoon activities for newlywed couples. This personalized content can be run as ads, and the resort can target a specific audience for each version of its content.In these ways, almost any business can personalize content for their desired audience. Political groups can target likely voters, and companies can advertise to likely consumers. Customizing content is an obvious choice for any organization that wants to meet t he needs and expectations of their audience in fewer steps. Best Practices and Strategies for Personalized Content Now that youre aware of the benefits of personalizing content, it is time to put a plan into action. Just a few of the most effective strategies include personalizing CTA buttons, targeting email campaigns, creating a system for instant chat with customers and interacting with consumers to create personalized profiles. As far as best practices are concerned, aim for varied messaging, begin name dropping and create content that appeals to specific groups.A CTA, or call-to-action, is a key part of any online strategy. However, many businesses are still using generic calls-to-action like Click Here or Find Out More. In some cases, those CTAs might be appropriate. For a personalized approach, a more specific CTA could be helpful. Examples of personalized CTAs might include the following:†¢ See More Womens Shoes †¢ Find The Perfect Preschool in Your Area †¢ Me et the Candidate in Your Town †¢ View Health Insurance Plans for FamiliesThe best email lists contain the email addresses and information of interested, relevant individuals. If your business has curated such a list, make the most of it by categorizing your contacts. These categories will depend heavily on your audience, the information you have collected and what your organization does or sells. Some email lists can be broken down by gender, age, income or geographic location, as just a few examples. Once you have done this, you can create multiple versions of the content you send out via email so that every recipient gets targeted, relevant information in their inbox.What could be more personalized than a direct conversation with a consumer? Arguably one of the best ways to customize content on an individual level is to engage in instantaneous conversations. Of course, cold calling isnt always well received, but online chat is a growing area of communication. If users on your website can click on the chat box and start talking to a representative of your business right away, they can be directed to custom content. Better yet, the conversation itself will be personalized. During this communication, information on the user can also be collected and stored for the future, allowing for even more targeted emails, ads and landing pages based on the users needs.On social media, it makes sense to personalize ads to appeal to certain groups of users. However, it is just as important to build engagement through company responses. If an individual asks a question or tags a friend, is someone on your team making an effort to continue the conversation? Sometimes, a simple like is enough to generate interest, but a written response that includes the users name is a great way to create a personalized relationship with future or existing customers. Part of this strategy can also be called name dropping, which means including the persons name whenever applicable, whethe r that is in the headline of an email, in the response of a chat conversation or in a comment of a social media post.Most large companies are already varying their message in order to appeal to specific groups. However, what can happen is that individuals receive the same targeted message over and over again. Individuals also deserve to have varied messages, and they often respond favorably to this approach. If the same CTA or email topic isnt working, dont be afraid to go against type and try something new or just switch things up periodically.Ultimately, none of these approaches to personalizing content will work unless the content itself is appealing. Custom content is a great strategy but only if the content is appealing, informative and effective. In the wave of content that individuals encounter each day, it takes personalized, targeted and high-quality content to stand out from the rest. Finding a talented writer who understands your organizations needs can make a big differe nce for your content strategy.

Why Babylonians Saw Humans as Slaves of The Gods

Why Babylonians Saw Humans as Slaves of The Gods Free Online Research Papers Why Babylonians Saw Humans as Slaves of The Gods Myth, as defined by Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, is an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts. Mythology has no author and is considered to be the collective memory of a group of people. Before myths were written, they were preserved orally and entrusted to priest and poets who passed them down for generations. This essay will be concerning myths from Mesopotamia, a country that lied between the Tigris River and Euphrates River in what is now Iraq. Mesopotamia was a rich country which prospered through agriculture, pastoralism and extensive trading. The purpose of this essay will be to prove that the Babylonians understood humans to be the workers and slaves of the gods, made to serve them. Based on the excerpt of the Epic of Creation: â€Å" ‘It was Quingu who started the war, He who incited Tiamat and gathered an army !’ They bound him and held him in front of Ea, Imposed the penalty on him and cut off his blood. He created mankind from his blood, Imposed the toil of the gods (on man) and released the gods from it.† (Epic of Creation IV) In this passage, primeval man is created by the god Ea from the blood of the warrior Quingu who Tiamat, the primeval goddess who is the mother of the first generation of gods in this epic, had chosen to lead her battle. Quingu represents the vengeance of Tiamat who failed avenge the death of her husband Apsu. Quingu also represents humanity in the sense that man is made from him. In a way, he is the â€Å"mother† of humanity much in the same way that Tiamat is the mother of the first generation of gods in this myth. Since humanity sprung from the death and blood from Quingu, it only makes sense that primeval man would have some qualities of him. The warrior Quingu is a leader; you could say it was in his blood. That same blood was passed down to man. In this way, it shows that the Babylonians thought of men as leaders. At the same time, however, Quingu was singled out as the one who started the war. This also shows the side of humanity in which people can cause conflicts, flare tempers and be toilsome, which has been proven true time and time again through the wars and conflicts of the social world in the past thousands of years. Humans have tempers and will stand up for things they believe in just as Quingu did in the Epic of Creation. Another reason why mankind was created was to bear the burden of the gods, so they could fully become gods in the sense that they had no real duties, just a life of leisure. Man is being punished for Quingu’s war in a way because through him, they are created to become the slaves of the gods and carry out their duties. This proves that Babylonians thought of humans as the slaves of the gods, put on this earth for one reason, and that is to serve them. I believe that the Epic of Gilgamesh shows how the Babylonians perceived mankind just as well, if not better, than the Epic of Creation. Gilgamesh, though not completely human, is a good example of the average man, not in the sense that he is a hero because very few humans today are true heroes, but because of the way that he has faults just like any other person. He is lustful, always looking for a young girl to court. He is also proud, which sometimes can be a fault when it is in excess. Gilgamesh is also easily influenced as we all are at times once he discovers his companion and brother Endiku, who was created by the mother goddess Aruru from a piece of clay. Endiku was meant to be created as a rival for Gilgamesh, someone to compete with for women and someone who would become a rival for him. Instead, Endiku became a brother, soul mate, and best friend to Gilgamesh, which shows the unpredictability of humans. Once the wild Endiku has made love to a woman, the harlot Shamhat, he has become human and the wild will no longer accept him. Soon, after a quarrel between Endiku and Gilgamesh, they each of them show their emotions; show that they are but mere mortals, and form a bond which can never be broken. This scene from the Epic of Gilgamesh shows that all humans have weak moments, and have emotions. I believe the most important lesson we learn from this duo is that sometimes people bring out the worst in each other. Gilgamesh is easily persuaded by Endiku to commit feats that he would normally never undertake such as hunting the Humbaba, the keeper of the forest. This act is to prove that they are strong and powerful, so people will remember and respect them, which is a common attribute of humans. We would all like to be remembered after we’re gone, become legends and do something great that no one else did. Even though Gilgamesh is not completely mortal, he embodies all of the characteristics of humans. We are promiscuous, we cry, we are proud and stubborn. We plot against other people and strive to become great. And we scar both physically and emotionally, as Gilgamesh did after the death of his dear Endiku. Both the Epic of Creation and the Epic of Gilgamesh show how the early Babylonians perceived mankind, but in different ways. Gilgamesh shows the softer side of humans, while the Epic of Creation shows the raw and primordial side of man. Bibliography: Dalley, Stephanie, trans. Myths From Mesopotamia. Revised ed. New York: Oxford UP, 2000. Littleton, C. S., ed. Mythology. London: Duncan Baird, 2002. 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How to Calculate a Tip in Your Head

How to Calculate a Tip in Your Head It is customary to leave a tip for many services that are supplied by people like waiters and waitresses, taxi drivers, hotel maids, moving company staff and hair salon staff to name a few. The rule of thumb amount is 15%, although there are varying thoughts as to the amount that would be appropriate for exceptional service (usually 20%) and poor service (10% or less). Some people frown on giving no tip, as in many instances the server is not the reason for the service issue; traffic snarls and kitchen issues can be the problems and these people rely on tips to supplement their minimum wage. So now that we have some ideas as to the etiquette involved, lets look at some simple math ideas to make the calculation simple but effective. Easy Way to Calculate a 15% Tip Rule of thumb - standard service - 15%. The most commonly used shortcut to 15% is to find 10% and then add a half. This is an easy calculation, since all you need to do to find 10% is move the decimal point one space to the left (make the number smaller). Consider a bill for 47.31. First impressions show us 10% is 4.70 and a half of this amount is 2.35, so a tip of 7.00 is reasonable. This is a simplification as we can do the exact math - 4.70 add 2.35 is 7.05 - but we are looking for an easy method, not an exacting science. Another sound strategy is to work from the highest place value, in other words, if the bill is in the 50s then the tip should be in the 7.50 range. If the bill is 124.00, the logic follows that 12 add 6 18 so a total of 124 add 18 or 142 is reasonable. Calculating a Tip Based on Sales Tax Another very sound strategy is to work from the sales tax. Look at your sales tax rates and devise a strategy based on the amount. In New York city, the tax on a meal is 8.75% so you can just double the amount of tax and your service provider is happy. There are also some fun and unique answers to the question of how to do the math without straining yourself. Consider the following examples that people have provided:Great service - bill times 10%, then doubled.Less then great service - bill times 10%. For a bill under $50:Great service - bill times 10% then doubled - you will be over 15 and the appreciation should be noticed.Good service - somewhere in between great and less than good. Add a little to less than good and you will be safe.Less than good service - bill times 10% - the message will be conveyed but you are smart enough to realize that it may not be their fault alone. For a bill over $50:Make sure you start your calculations based on the pre tax amount of your bill.Great service - 10% of the bill - doubled - round down.Less than great - 10% round down. With the exception of those bills where the tip is already included, tipping and how to figure out the tip is a very individualized experience. Estimation and rounding is something I do all the time for tipping as I am not going to worry about a few extra cents here and there. And tip-ically I round up as its a rare event when I dont feel like being generous when Im out for a meal. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Think Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL) Research Paper

Think Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL) - Research Paper Example Think Detroit PAL, a private non-profit organization that has been positively touching the lives of thousand youths through sports and leadership development programs. The organization mission’s is to develop character in youths through athletics and leadership development programs and academics. The program has been developing mentors and training volunteer coaches. Presently, Think Detroit offers fall and spring soccer to youths, however following increased prevalence of obesity, diabetes and hypertension due to inactivity; Think Detroit wishes to expand is program to become an all year soccer competition. To implement the year round soccer program for youths in the inner city, Think Detroit requires to raise 18621 dollars. These funds will be used to purchase player’s uniforms, balls and ball bags. Moreover the money will be used in rewarding teams and organizing celebrations. The organization will use some of volunteer coaching staff to aid in administration of the club affairs and parents will have to pay 40 dollars for their parents to participate. The organization has adequate and well experienced professionals to initiate such a program. The program will target youths leaving in Wayne County and those in the inner city. However, those in Detroit will be given priority. There will be five coed teams and the program will run from November 2012 to August 2013 with two seasons; summer and winter tournaments. Children in the program will have to show their report cards to the coaching staff as an indicator of any improvement. The contact point with the organization is Dana Cooper who is the soccer commissioner. Organizational Information Our organization; Think Detroit Police Athletic League (PAL) is a non-profit organization that has been positively touching lives of about ten thousand children annually by use of athletics and leadership mentorship programs. The organization was formed following a merger of Think Detroit and Detroit PAL in 2006. The organization empowers the society by educating volunteer coaches and developing safe areas that our kids can play. Annually, Think

Globalisation And Regionalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalisation And Regionalisation - Essay Example Consequent to the implementation of the neo-liberal economic agenda upon the global economy, implying the removal of barriers to trade and most forms of protectionism, 90% of the global GDP was owned and controlled by just under 20% of the North's citizens, while 20% of the South's citizens controlled and owned under 1% of the global GDP ('Why the World,' 2005). In addition to that, and as Longsworth (1999) reports, the combined wealth of Microsoft's three top executives exceeds the combined wealth of fifty LDCs. Indeed, globalisation has substantially and dangerously expanded the gap between the haves and the have-nots, as evidenced through the fact that the income gap between the fifth of the world's people living in the richest countries and the fifth in the poorest was 30:1 in 1960, 60:1 in 1990,and jumped to 74:1 in 1997 (Indonesia's despair,'2000). Economic statistics establish globalisation as an instrument for the transference of wealth and resources from the South to the nor th, from the poor to the rich and not, as its proponents have claimed a strategy for the elimination of poverty and underdevelopment. The means by which globalisation transfers wealth and resources from the have-nots to the haves are, within the context of any discussion on regionalization versus globalisation, extremely informative. Globalisation, as earlier stated, has imposed neo-liberal economic agendas upon national economies, dictating the virtual withdrawal of states from their domestic economies and constraining their powers to exercise protectionism, if only to allow their infant industries the space and time to grow and stabilize. As Schwam-Baird (2003) writes, insofar as both developing and single national economies are concerned, the consequences are potentially... The United States, both fuelled and fortified by its multinationals has emerged, not only as the world's only superpower but as an unequaled and unmatched force. More importantly, it is a force which is determined to overwhelm and consume other nations. Single economies, irrespective of their individual strength, cannot resist this power/force alone but can as a collectivity. Indeed, they can should they respond through the formation of their own `empire,' a union of nations which, besides being capable of surviving globalization, possibly thriving under it, can emerge as a counterforce to the American empire. Consequently, from this interpretive perspective, not only is regionalization a strategy for survival under, and resistance to, globalization but it is, potentially, a project for the resistance of the American Empire through the recreation of the bipolar world order. In the final analysis, regionalization is, quite incontrovertibly, a counterforce to globalization, with it bei ng quite valid to argue that, as a phenomenon, it rose in direct response to globalization. This should hardly be surprising considering the fact that globalization functions as a very real threat, not only to the economic survival, political independence and national sovereignty of the nations of the South but, to the countries of the North. Regionalisation, as such, emerges as a strategy for the pooling of national resources and unifying for the maximisation of strength and, hence, capacity to resist and survive.

The Celebritization Of Monarchy Media Essay

The Celebritization Of Monarchy Media Essay Introduction Celebrities are a staple of the media industry. From tabloids that promise exclusive looks into their homes to television talk shows that offer audiences the chance to get up close and personal with actors, singers and reality TV stars, todays mediated world is awash with celebrity. Advances in media technology, the availability of 24-hour news and entertainment channels, as well as the advent of the Internet and social media, have meant that there is more celebrity available now than ever before, because there are more outlets for both those seeking news about their idols or trying to be famous themselves   (Ferris, 2010). Even in a seemingly democratized media such as social networking sites, the brightest stars are still traditional celebrities 9 out of the top 10 Twitter accounts with the most number of followers are pop stars and actors. Only US president Barack Obama is the non-celebrity in the top 10 list, although it has been argued that his image in popular culture is ce rtainly reminiscent to that of a celebrity which was both a blessing and a curse during his 2008 presidential campaign (Alexander, 2010a). It is easy to take for granted the fact that celebrities are in the public eye because they are famous; most tend to forget that celebrities are not born they are created. Through careful management of images, on-air and off-air personas, a celebrity can be manufactured out of virtually anyone (Turner, 2004). Indeed, the boom in reality TV content, which gave ordinary people a chance to be famous, and the popularity of manufactured pop stars who are auditioned, recruited, and moulded specifically to appeal to the masses, seem to prove that it is the image that is celebrated, not the person (Turner, 2004). Boorstin (1961) described a celebrity as a person who is known for his well-knownness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a human pseudo-event. Some researchers have suggested that the adoration of celebrities as role models are a normal part of identity development (e.g., Giles Maltby, 2004; Yue Cheung, 2000; cited in Swami et al., 2011). In other words, society needs celebrities in order to learn about ourselves, and needless to say, celebrities need an adoring public, without whom they would not exist. Some researchers have called this relationship a celebrity-worship culture, proposing that a psychological absorption with a celebrity results in a heightened sense of reality of the idolized celebrity, which leads to an addiction on the fans part to maintain a sense of connectedness (McCutcheon et al., 2002). One researcher even drew a comparison between modern societys celebrities and the wooden totems and masks of primitive cultures, both of which sustain meaning, ritual, and solidarity (Alexander, 2010). Celebrities, then, are the most powerful icons of our time (Alexander, 2010). What is it that makes a celebrity? Ferris (2010) offers four aspects of the personas relationship with fans or outsiders that characterize celebrity in contemporary society; the first of which is widespread recognizability meaning, you would be able to recognize George Clooney out of a crowd. The second aspect is relational asymmetry, whereby fans get to know celebrities through films or television, but it is a one-sided intimacy, as the celebrities themselves have no equivalent knowledge of fans, and few avenues through which to obtain it (Ferris, 2010). This contributes to the lack of conventional mutuality and lack of physical co-presence, where the celebrities and fans do not occupy the same space, making rare encounters and celebrity sightings a special moment, almost as if making contact with the divine (Alexander, 2010). The same could be said of monarchies; far more than ordinary celebrities, royal families live in a different world, inaccessible by the public, and the chance to meet them is a once-in-a-lifetime event riddled with special protocols. Even the worlds most prominent politicians have fumbled when meeting the Queen gaffs which ultimately make it to the news as items of, at worst, ridicule and humiliation, and at best, a surprisingly generous gesture on the Queens part, as in the case of Michelle Obamas infamous break of protocol by hugging the Queen (Thornton, 2012). In this paper, we explore the relationship between the British royal family and the media. We argue that both the technological advances in news production and consumption as well as societys evolving appetite for celebrity news have shaped the treatment and coverage of the British monarchy, likening them to celebrities in the media. Drawing from relevant cases at specific points in history, we explore the role of the media, the public, and the royal family themselves in the creation of an iconic institution. Utilizing the media The modern monarchys relationship with the media has always been a delicate one (Baldini, 2012). In 1952, the BBC then a monopoly broadcaster in Britain approached the palace for permission to broadcast the coronation ceremony of Queen Elizabeth II. Against the advice of Prime Minister Winston Churchill and the church, who felt that inviting cameras (and the public) to watch the ceremony would make profane an otherwise sacred event (Turnock, 2005), the Queen agreed that it was important for the event to be televised. The coronation ceremony, the first royal event to be broadcast live, became a defining moment in the development of British broadcasting (Turnock, 2005). 20 million Britons watched the ceremony on TV (Hastings, 2012), and this single event has been credited for the sharp increase in televisions owned in Britain 2.1 million in 1953 from 1.4 million the year before. It was the first time in history that the masses witnessed this traditionally sacred and secret event, bridging the gap between the public and the distant palace. Future evolutions in the media landscape such as the emergence of tabloids and paparazzi culture, social media and the Internet would further blur the line between the masses and the sacred world of royals, but it was Queen Elizabeth IIs foresight in making the event accessible to the public that endeared her to them as their new ruler (Hastings, 2012). It would be impossible to guess the Queens true intentions at the time, but her insistence that cameras be present at Westminster Abbey signaled a motive to be in the spotlight, and demonstrated an understanding that the position of the royal family depends on public support which, in turn, depends on public access. She, above all, understood that modern monarchs will be judged for who they are, not what they do (Hastings, 2012). From the framework of Gramscis hegemonic dominance theory, the event can be seen as a stealthy assertion of power rather than being imposed from above, hegemony involves the active seeking of consent from ordinary people to comply with their own subordination (Duffett, 2004). Furthermore, the use of television to bring the coronation event into peoples homes via television can be viewed as a deliberate strategy to infiltrate peoples everyday lives, as hegemonic leadership has to operate on the terrain of common sense and in the seemingly apolitical marshla nds of popular culture (Duffett, 2004). Breaking into the media The Queens understanding of the medias power to shape public opinion can be supported by the change in the British monarchys royal persona over the years, as evident with the changing appeals in its representation from being a distant, imperious body to a lighter, brighter, more accessible dynasty, whose palaces could be toured via holiday packages, exploits reported freely and lives documented glossily on cinema and TV (Times of India, 2012). In her 60-year reign, the Queen has been the single most visually recorded human being in history (The Art Newspaper, 2012). Since her ascension to the throne in 1952, millions of images have been captured of her, but it was the media expansion of the 1920s and 1930s that helped to shape the publics demand and subsequent reception of these images. The eras media expansion saw the rapid increase of the publics demand for the personal lives of film stars and celebrities (Fraser Brown, 2002), which launched fame as a commodity in itself, manufactured and distributed by media professionals (Fame, 1931, p. 450). Instead of a byproduct of film and music, fame became an industry, which Lippmann (1960) regarded as an engine of publicity such as the world has never known before (Fraser Brown, 2002). The BBC has arguably played a critical role in maintaining the image of the royal family in the public sphere, while keeping a respectful distance. When it was a monopoly and public broadcaster in 1945, news was the staple programming and the BBC aimed to carry into the greatest number of homes everything that was best in every department of human knowledge (Clayton, 2010). The prevalent media ideology was to educate rather than attract the highest level of viewership. The launch of commercial television and radio meant selling advertising space and hence, attaining more viewership. This was seen by many as the point in time when mass media led to the dumbing down or sexing up of news and entertainment to increase their viewership. Moulding celebrity Media has been instrumental in the changing royal persona from its 1945 aura of mystique and detachment when it connected with the masses only during public events or Christmas Day broadcast to imparting them with a celebrity status, with paparazzi following their every move and the public eagerly consuming news that surrounds them. The publics need to look to the royal family as celebrities can be traced back to the enduring themes of heroes in folklore; all cultures have narratives that articulate larger-than-life personas, and todays stars and idols are a similar narrative of dynasties and gods, kings and heroes (Dale, 2001). Heroes, however, are moral characters who reach for a higher calling or defeat a villain in defense of his country. Celebrities are amoral; normal rules do not apply, and behaviour usually shunned by normal people in our lives is accepted as evidence that celebrities are not ordinary people (Campbell, 1998). Despite this clear distinction, people develop psyc hological bonds with both heroes and celebrities and seek to emulate their lives (Campbell, 1998, p.127). Nevertheless, one cant but ignore the fact that World Wars brought a large degree of social leveling, leading to apparent changes in the social dynamics of the authority figures such as the British royals family. They had to adapt from being powerful, elite and detached from the public to maintain the authority of being the rulers to connect with them socially with the change in the political power it enjoyed. Owing to their collective sacrifice, ordinary people began to feel entitled to things which had been the preserve of their betters in previous generations (Clayton, 2010). Therefore, the changing media atmosphere dictated by commercialisation led them to focus on providing the masses escapist fare with their keen interest in celebrity stories and the socio-political changes adapted by the monarchy guided the persona of the British monarchy. Documenting royalty In his article Television and the Decline of Deference, Clayton (2010) cites examples that support the fact that media have been creating both a respectful as well as critical image of the royal family. Some documentaries that showed royals in deferential light are the 2007 BBC documentary Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work; the 2008 ITV documentary on the Duke of Edinburgh and the hit film The Queen (2006), which showed the Queen in a very good light in her actions immediately following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales (Clayton, 2010). Some other documentaries which have been critical of the royal family include the The Royal Family (1969), which attempted to show the royals in an informal setting to boost their popularity with the British public. A further notorious example was Its A Royal Knockout in 1987. The show, which involved Prince Edward, Princess Anne and Prince Andrew running around obstacle courses in costumes, was largely designed to help Prince Edward establish a career in television. The show was a public relations disaster which lowered the dignity of the royals in the eyes of the public (Clayton, 2010). Above all, the divorce and scandals that surrounded Prince Charles and Diana, Princess of Wales, and Prince Andrew and Sarah Ferguson in the mid-1990s marked a watershed in the treatment of the royal family. The intrusion of the media coupled with peoples interest in the British royals and the Monarchys willingness to enjoy celebrity status has shaped the public opinion in terms of awe, affection, love, respect, empathy or despair towards the royals. Private to public The marriage of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer was an inevitably public affair from the beginning. The young and beautiful Lady Diana, who rose from obscurity to capture the heart of a prince, captivated the nation who identified with her humble background as a kindergarten teacher and saw her as one of their own (Pillow Cassill, 2001). The royal wedding a rare enough event became a media spectacle; it was a wedding made for television, and television knew it (Castro Cronin, 1981). 28 million people watched the televised wedding in Britain, along with 750 million viewers in 61 countries across the globe. Media coverage of the wedding emphasized its Cinderella quality (Kirby Sorensen, 2010), with a notable difference between British (which tended to be more stately) and American media, which was more up close and personal (Castro Cronin, 1981). The wedding captured front-page headlines around the world; the Times of London published a colour photograph of the royal couple as a souvenir front, and   The Economist printed its news pages in colour for the first time in its 138-year history. Even the highest circulating newspaper in the world at the time, Japans Yomiuri Shimbun (circulation 8 million), deemed the wedding story important enough to rush in a color photo midway through its evening press run (Castro Cronin, 1981). Although these figures and anecdotes are impressive, it is doubted whether the wedding of Charles and Diana attracted such media coverage because there was public demand for it, or if the medias treatment of the event that pushed the news into a global spectacle. The media environment was, after all, far less cluttered in 1981, and cable television reached fewer than 25% of all households. With the majority of people only having access to five or six channels to choose from, and all the networks covering the wedding, it became one of the last events that saw everyone tune in at the same time (Thomson, quoted in Kirby Sorensen, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Likewise, a relatively clutter-free media environment could have been responsible for the creation and public acceptance of Princess Dianas image as a global icon. Diana was one of the worlds famous media personalities, and her celebrity status was a result of people following her life story all around the world (Pujik, 2009). She was often hounded by the media, and the public loved her, nevertheless to the say, the media followed her everywhere she went and reported what she what she wore, said or was doing. The publics considered here as one of them. Her image of not being too royal, nor too ordinary, but royal and ordinary, was loved by the public (Thomas,. 2008). Shared grief Dianas death turned the public against paparazzi because they were believed to have played a part in her accident; at the same time, the public was united in grief and Dianas image was immortalized. Mendelson (2007) stated that the subsequent handwringing by members of the press, the public and governments after the death of Diana was drew tension between paparazzi and celebrities, causing heightened tension between celebrities and their right to privacy. For many, it was like losing a member of their family. In fact, many believed they knew the Princess better than anyone else in their lives. It is quite ironic how the entire world was mourning over the pictures that were clicked by the same paparazzi which they had criticized. Did the media have a set agenda behind this? According to agenda setting theory, the mass news media have a large influence on audiences by their choice of what stories to consider newsworthy and how much prominence and space to give them (McCombs, et al.,   1972). As in the case of the Dianas death, the mass media had a large influence on shaping the opinion of the audiences by continuously feeding them with reports of the sudden death of Diana. The media reaction to the Dianas death was unprecedented in its intensity and scale, a flashpoint in recent global media history in which the concerns of national and international media were united (Turner et al., 2000: 6). But the press argued that it was merely t heir duty to reflect what the public felt. As Merrin (1999) wrote, they were caught out by the outpouring of public grief at Dianas death and so quickly devoted themselves to reflecting the mood of the nation (Merrin, 1999). Here we can see that McLuhans theory of the media as the message (1962) holds through, since the very fact that the media was so clearly present in those times reflected the events significance. It has been also been argued that with regard to such media events, the public had to a greater or lesser extent been conditioned to learn their reaction from the media (Dayan Katz, 1992; Linenthal, 2001). The British media gave the death of Diana so much prominence that it turned out to be extremely newsworthy. The coverage was so exaggerated that it even was the extent of crowding out the death of another newsworthy personality Mother Theresa. The media continuously ran stories about the universal grief and how they loved Diana. The views of people who did not share the same opinion were not aired by the media. There were many who raised questions in the public, and were in turn harassed.   For those who felt coolly towards Diana, it was prudent to simply keep silent (Black Smith, 1999; Smith, P., Riley, A. 2011).   During Dianas funeral, it was reported that the whole world was watching, and mourned like they mourned the loss of a family member or friend (Brown, et. al. 2003). Noelle Neumanns (1993, 1984) theory of spiral of silence can be critically applied here to how public opinion was moulded with the persona created around Princesses Diana, her private life, her wedding to Charles, her celebrity status, her children, her divorce, her death and coupled with agenda setting people framed opinion based on the Medias agenda and those who didnt agree to the media framing tended to remain silent. Breaking down barriers Zelizer (1991) states that the media plays an important role in breaking down the boundaries between the private and public world. Since people interpret, discuss, and react to what they see, it can be argued that the media works as a two-way channel in the dissemination of information. In the earlier studies of Dianas wedding and television viewing, a public sphere, as stated by Zelizer, stems from a sense of connectiveness among the public. Audiences organize around media events in a strategic and directed fashion that allows them to connect effectively with othersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The result is an intrusion of the public sphere into the private domain (Zelizer, 1991). Embracing the media in its totality, the royal wedding of Prince William and Katherine Middleton echoed the spectacle of Prince Charles and Lady Diana in 1981, involving over 8,000 reporting staff, broadcasting the event live worldwide. The Guardian reported, More than 36 studios, for broadcasters including the BBC, Sky News, ABC, NBC, CBS and Al-Jazeera, are housed in the three-storey structure, with outside broadcast vans and other equipment taking up so much space that part of Green Park has been closed to the public (The Guardian, April 28, 2011). Since the media today have to operate on a business model, the media took advantage of this event as a means for revenue. The Huffington Post reported that the couples uber celebrity-royal status have created a stir on the Internet and social networking sites which boosted ad revenue for online news organizations. (The Huffington Post, 11 March, 2011). The article further stated that advertisers started calling to reserve space on the website for April 29 within a nanosecond of the wedding date being announced. Thus, it could be argued that in some ways, the media too benefited from the grand occasion and celebritization of the royals. While the hype was generated by the media, social media played a large role this time round, with the general public feeding themselves with information shared over social networking sites. An analysis of social media mentions around the Royal Wedding revealed that there were over 200,000 mentions of Royal Wedding on April 27, two days before the wedding day. This increase of 1,215% mentions from the month before demonstrated that the public was indeed excited about the upcoming event (Radwanick, 2011). On the day itself, CNN reported 300 tweets with the Royal Wedding hashtag per second (CNN, April 29, 2011). The wedding was an event without borders, and anyone with a phone in their pockets could participate which was the crucial difference to the 1981 royal wedding. The existence of Facebook, YouTube and Twitter blew the event up in scale, larger than was ever expected. Bruns (2012) visualization of Twitter activity on the day of the wedding showed a sharp increase in the number of original tweets at specific points of the ceremony. The most significant spike of the day occurred at around 12:30pm the minute of the newlyweds first kiss on the balcony of Buckingham Palace. It was as if the world let out a communal awwwà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ at that very moment (Bruns, 2012).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At a time when the UK was in economic recession, lavish public affairs funded by taxpayers was feared to cause public uproar (Dalrymple, 2011) the Queen had called off the palaces Christmas celebrations the year before in sensitivity to public sentiment (McVeigh, 2011). However, as the royal wedding prompted some parties to question the need for a monarchy and expensive events funded by taxpayers (Hastings, 2012), as demonstrated by social media, others were more than happy to participate in the media spectacle that it became. Latching on to this idea of celebrity, fashion played a big role in grappling the interest of the public. While many watched the event for its significance, there were a few different angles in which the wedding was featured. The event that saw Hollywood celebrities arriving in style was almost a fashion event in itself. Even news websites got into the action; The Telegraph Online showcased the wedding dress, with headlines using words like secret dress to hype up the wedding gown, as well as mentions of her guests hats, which became an icon of the wedding (fashion.telegraph.co.uk). Changing with the times In the ultimate signal of progression with the times, the Queen is even present on social media with a specially-made Facebook page called The British Monarchy. While users cannot poke the Queen or send her friend requests, they can like the page and become fans of the Queen. The Queen also launched a Flickr account, making more than 600 photographs of the Royal Family at work and play available to the public for the first time. A Royal Twitter account was launched in 2009 and Royal Channel went live on YouTube in 2007. The Queen also podcast her first Christmas Day message in 2006, and launched a website for herself and other members of the Royal Family in 1997. According to the Times of India published on June 5, 2012, the British Monarchy once reigned supreme as the head of the colonial rule extracting revenue which has now become the modern day revenue-earning machines. The transition is not a result of revolutions but evolution of the British Monarchy especially the Persona of the Queen. Post World War II, the monarchy understood that a cult of celebrity was fascinating the people across the globe but it was only available democratically to millions of those who were interested in reading about the lives of the celebrities or watching Hollywood. This sparked a change in the appeal and aura of the British Royal Persona and one could visibly see the domineering image giving way to the friendlier dynasty which could be documented on cinema and TV. There was a time in the history when this normalization seemed under threat with the tragic end of Princess Diana the Peoples Princess when the Royals were criticised for their coldness. But, Dia na provided the Persona with the right amount of sadness that is required of the celebrity cult. The 60th anniversary celebration of the Queens reign is a splendid example of the social and cultural status enjoyed by the Monarchy as the event was marked by millions of Celebrity fans lining the banks of the Thames to catch a glimpse of the royal flotilla sailing past. Conclusion While medieval societies viewed and accepted the top hierarchal position of royal families as ordained by God, modern society values individualism and an unprecedented mobility whereby people are no longer necessarily defined by their birthright (Handler, 1986). In a modern constitutional monarchy such as the United Kingdom, where governments are democratically elected and economic influence lies with mega-corporations rather than a handful of elite individuals, the role of royal families, too, has evolved to a more symbolic role of nationhood sovereignty rather than actual power (Duffett, 2004). Even the British monarchy, at one time commanding vast armies to colonize distant lands, has seen its political power dwindle a centuries-long process during which the Crown ceded power to government to ensure its own survival (Duffett, 2004). For the House of Windsor, public support is vital to remain relevant in a society that is no longer convinced that people are born into certain roles, or that Gods will ordains the very need for an aristocracy. The royal family, then, can be said to have a motive for being in the limelight; it needs to remain influential culturally and socially, even if limited politically in the publics eyes. Celebrity is the new royalty, and royalty needs to keep up. Unlike celebrities as defined in the introduction, whose motives of fame are usually preceded by the motivation of selling CDs, merchandise or personal brand, a royal is born in the limelight and remains there for the rest of his or her life with nothing to sell but the idea that his or her place, power and privileges in society is valid. Similarly, the media can be said to be imposing its influence in shaping public opinion in its celebritization of the royal family. A normalization of hegemonic dominance is established (Duffett, 2004), and the status quo is maintained. Beyond the medias profit-driven motives and prevalent belief that anything celebrity-related sells, is the rather sinister notion of keeping the public subordinated. Support for the monarchy, Duffett (2004) writes, implies consent for a national constitution that ensures people are governed in a particular way: by a hypercentralized state, as subjects not citizens, and, ultimately, through rule rather than total democracy. It also implies agreement that wealth and privilege should be distributed on the basis of birth rather than need, and that tradition is an acceptable reason for social inequality. Ultimately, the eager consumers of news surrounding the royal family and the citizens willingly accepting the role of the monarchy are the public, for whom the media and monarchy supposedly serve, and without whom the media and monarchy collapse. In 2008, Nepals 238-year-old monarchy faced the threat of being redundant and ousted in a contemporary society equipped with 24-hour mass media and an increasingly urban, literate and middle class population (Baltutis, 2011). Attempting to consolidate his loosening grip on national power, King Gyanendra and the royal government raised highly visible billboards as propagandistic advertisements (Baltutis, 2011). These proved to be unsuccessful, demonstrating that even with significant ruling power and an international media blackout King   Gyanendra had banned international communication in 2005 an unwilling public will not tolerate a redundant monarchy.

The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay

Adult pupils in the procedure of ELT construct the particular group of people socially accepted as mature and who are in a learning procedure. Education of grownups has long been perceived as different from instruction of kids in both theory and pattern. The field of big instruction was pioneered by Malcom Knowles who claimed that andragogy should be distinguished from teaching method. Andragogy consists of larning schemes focused on grownups while teaching method is concerned on kids. Knowles ‘ theory of andragogy is an effort to develop a theory specifically for grownup acquisition. Adults bring life experience and a degree of adulthood into the schoolroom that kids and striplings do non. Probably the individual most of import concern for the instructor of grownups is a thorough apprehension of the scholar. Through such an apprehension it is possible to direct your learning to the specific demands and involvements of the grownup. Adults are autonomous and expect to take duty for determinations. Adult larning plans must suit this cardinal facet. In practical footings, it means that direction for grownups demands to concentrate more on the procedure and less on the content being taught. It is of import to utilize schemes such as function playing, simulations, undertaking work and treatments rather frequently because they are most utile for big pupils who are job -centred, goal- oriented and practical. Teacher adopts a function of facilitator or resource instead than lector or grader. Furthermore, another facet of grownup instruction is motive because merely when pupils are motivated they can larn. The best manner is to heighten studentsA? ground for larning. Teachers must be after their motivation scheme which is considered to be successful if it includes demoing grownup pupils the relationship between developing an expected publicity. Finally, we do non hold to bury another built-in portion of grownups larning which proper feedback is. We should cognize when and have to give feedback because good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition. Teaching English to grownups is different from learning kids and teens and involves a considerable sum of planning and accomplishment to do it apprehensible and adaptable to all scholars.1. Features of Adult LearnersCompared to kids and teens, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Adults are people who have the position of adulthood in their ain and other peopleA?s eyes, but in the instruction procedure they come in the low-level place of the scholars. It could be really hard at the beginning and it depends on persons how to cover with this state of affairs. A batch of grownups can go dying because they are so disquieted about traveling back to school and are afraid of their failure and may believe that they are unable to larn. â€Å" The struggle is that as grownups we already have certain well-developed thoughts about life along with our ain system of thoughts and beliefs. To acknowledge that we need to larn something new is to acknowledge that there is something incorrect with our present system. â€Å"[ 1 ] On the other manus, they have outlook about the acquisition procedure and they are able to accept duty for their ain acquisition. They are independent and self – directed, they are non dependent on other people for way. Adults as scholars are goal-oriented and results-oriented. They normally know what end they want to accomplish and they besides have specific consequences in head for instruction. They must see a ground why to larn something. Learning has to be valuable for them ; it should be related to their demands and eventually suit to their work. In other words, grownups seek instruction which is appropriate for their current lives. They are practical and are focused on the facets of the lessons ; it means they want to cognize how the lessons will be utile to them on the occupation. We must non bury that grownups have a batch of experience and a wealth of cognition and they expect to be treated consequently. They require larning that makes sense and is connected to their cognition and experience. They can be critical of learning methods ; they will non execute a learning activity merely because the instructor said to make it. Furthermore, we can anticipate that grownups are more disciplined that some kids and adolescents and are able to prolong a degree of motive. Compared to kids, grownups have more developed abstract idea ; it means we have to take appropriate activities adapted to utilize their minds to larn consciously. To sum it up, there are a batch of specific characteristics of grownup scholars which we have to bear in head in the procedure of learning. Compared to kids and adolescents, grownups have particular demands and demands as scholars. Of class, these are generalisations and there can look some exclusions in each group of scholars.2. Learner DifferencesAll pupils have different rational abilities. They think and learn otherwise. Learner differences are related to different thought manners and larning manners of pupils. Some of them use more than one manner, but by and large each individual has a preferable manner. We can separate brooding minds, originative minds, practical minds and conceptual minds. Brooding minds perceive new information subjectively, associate it to past experience and analyze their feelings about larning. On the contrary, originative minds like to play with new information, really frequently ask â€Å" why? † and make their ain solutions. Practical minds need factual information and attempt to happen the simplest and besides efficient manner to make something. In other words, they want to use their new accomplishments to their occupation. The last group consists of conceptual minds who are interested in how things work, non merely in the concluding result. They like seeing images and want to cognize the related constructs.[ 2 ] Equally of import are larning manners. Students normally tend to one acquisition manner because they associate it with larning success. There are three general larning manners: ocular, audile, and kinesthetic. Ocular scholars process new information when they can see it. They like artworks, illustrations, diagrams, images and presentations. Their slogan is â€Å" Show me. â€Å" Auditory scholars rely on sounds and voices ; they remember new information when it is spoken. They love talks and treatments. Their slogan is â€Å" Tell me. † Kinesthetic scholars need to make something to understand it. They want to touch the new information or manipulate it. They prefer written assignments, taking notes and scrutiny of objects. Their slogan is â€Å" Let me make it. †3. Motivation for Adult LearningMotivation is some sort of internal thrust which pushes person to make things in order to accomplish something. A cognitive position of motive includes factors such as the deman d for geographic expedition, activity, stimulation, new cognition and self-importance sweetening. Students come to education for many grounds. All grounds are acceptable because any motive is better than none. Unless you are motivated, you will non and can non larn. Most big pupils are at the schoolroom because they want to be. There are called â€Å" want to † scholars. Some of them are at that place because they need it for their occupation. They are â€Å" have to † scholars. There are a batch of motive factors. Some of the most common are: Promotion- depends on go throughing an test or making a class. Personal promotion – people want to acquire higher position at work. Social relationships – people want to do new friends. Escape/Stimulation – people want to avoid ennui, larning can disrupt the day-to-day modus operandi at place or at work. External outlooks – people try to carry through the outlooks of person with formal authorization. More money – after go throughing a class or successful graduation you can anticipate to gain more money. Social public assistance – attempt to better ability to be good to mankind and take part in community work Cognitive involvement – people who are interested in larning, they want to have new information and seek cognition for its ain interest There are Four Foundational Principles that motivate grownups to larn ( Wlodkowski, 2009 ) : Inclusion is the consciousness of scholars that they are a portion of an environment, they respect each other, and they have no fright of menace or humiliation. It is related to positive societal clime. Inclusion Fosters engagement. Attitude is a combination of constructs, information, and emotions. Attitude consequences in a sensitivity that can take to favorable or unfavorable response. Attitude causes a powerful consequence on human behavior and acquisition because they help people make sense of their universe. ( E.g. Negative larning experience can impact our attitude, engagement and outlooks. ) Meaning – devising, apprehension, and altering significance is a cardinal facet of grownup instruction. Deep significance causes that the experience or thought is connected to an of import end. Meaning comes from disputing larning experience in an piquant format about a relevant subject. Meaning sustains engagement. Competence is an attempt to effectual interaction with the universe. Adults have a strong innate temperament to be competent. They need to use what they have learned to the existent universe. Competence allows a pupil to experience confident when they know that they are expert at what they are larning. Assurance once more supports and motivates more extended acquisition. This can ensue in a spiralling moral force of competency and assurance. Increasing and directing pupil motive is one of a teacherA?s undertakings. We should form the indispensable motivational conditions. If we want to set up inclusion, we need to make a acquisition ambiance in which scholars and instructors feel respected and connected to one another. Following undertaking is to develop attitude, it means making a favorable temperament to larning through personal relevancy and pick. To heighten significance is of import to make ambitious and thoughtful acquisition experiences which include learnersA? positions and values. Furthermore we should breed competency by making an apprehension of scholar effectivity. And how do we cognize if scholars are motivated? There are some discernible indexs of intrinsic motive: Learners do activities without opposition. Learners spontaneously relate acquisition. Learners ask inquiries. Learners go beyond required work. Learners are proud of their acquisition and its effects. Unlike kids and adolescents, grownups have many duties that they must equilibrate. These duties can take to the barriers against take parting in larning. The most common jobs are deficiency of clip, money, assurance, involvement, deficiency of information, programming job and jobs with kid attention and transit. The best manner how to actuate grownup scholars is to heighten their ground for acquisition and diminish the barriers. As instructors of grownups we have to be after actuating schemes which show learners the relationship between preparation and an expected publicity.4. Giving Feedbackâ€Å" The old expression that pattern makes perfect is non true. But it is true to state that it is pattern the consequences of which are known which makes perfect. † ( F.C. Barlett ) Feedback, unfavorable judgment, praising and noticing are really of import in the instruction procedure. Teaching grownups is complicated because of the trouble of knocking. There are two unsafe: giving feedback in the incorrect manner and non giving plenty. Without proper feedback the learner public presentation can non better. If public presentation can non better, all scholars rapidly loose their involvement. Good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition and critical portion of the learning rhythm goes like this: In comparing with kids and teens, grownups find it harder to acknowledge that they have made a error, and it is harder for them to unlearn it. The same error can be repeated once more hence is of import to give feedback instantly or every bit shortly as possible. The job is non merely to rectify mistakes made on the topographic point, but to happen out some basic misinterpretations from the yesteryear, e.g. when we teach grammar, pupils sometimes have no thought what parts of address are. Until all the misinterpretation from the yesteryear are identified, no advancement can be made. A batch of pupils seem it hard to larn the regulations of English spelling decently. It can be a combination of mechanical and psychological grounds. It is peculiarly difficult to rectify once more perennial errors. The solution how to avoid it is bar ; it means make certain that on first juncture of a new piece of larning the grownup gets the right reply – â€Å" right first clip † .[ 3 ] It is frequently said that people learn by doing errors. It is true but we should recognize when measuring that prise make us experience confident, whereas negative unfavorable judgment makes us self-doubting. Good feedback is given quickly, contains encouraging words, gives elaborate remark on each public presentation, praises the good points before knocking the bed, is focused on knocking the public presentation, non the individual, is concentrated on merely a few errors at a clip and is clear. Giving feedback demands accomplishments every bit good as tact. We should make a friendly ambiance for constructive feedback. After giving feedback, we should look into that the scholar has understood the message by inquiring open-ended inquiries. Avoid closed ( yes, no ) inquiries, e.g. Have you understood? It is better to get down inquiries with â€Å" State me † , â€Å" How † , or â€Å" Why † . Finally, a batch of instructors overestimate the measure of feedback they give. To avoid it, seek to happen ways to offer every scholar some feedback in every lesson. As instructors of grownups we should understate the bed consequence of unfavorable judgment although there are a batch of possibilities for misinterpretation because without feedback pupils can non larn and instructors do non learn.5. Function of the Teacherâ€Å" When the pupil is ready, the instructor appears † ( a Buddhist adage ) As we said in one of old chapter, a batch of big pupils can experience dying when they go back to school after a few old ages being out of the schoolroom. Our occupation as a instructor of grownup pupils is to be positive, friendly and encouraging. Patients help excessively. It is sometimes of import to cognize that older pupils need more clip to react if we ask a inquiry. Promote your pupils to utilize their ain life experience in the acquisition procedure excessively. As instructor we should understate the carnival of failure and the bad consequence of past acquisition experiences by offering activities which are accomplishable for our pupils and correspond to their degree. Not merely pupils can hold some concerns. There can be a job for some instructors and it is age. School instructors are ever older than their students and have the advantages of longer instruction. Not so instructors of grownups. They can be younger than their pupils and may even be less intelligent. It is right to hold some concerns about a new group of pupils, but both the job and the solution are in our ain custodies. What makes a good instructor? Effective instructor have these features ( Rogers, 1989 ) : A warm personality – accept all pupils and understand them, be helpful Social skill – ability to link the group together without being dominate Forming ability – disposal is swimmingly handled Skill in descrying and deciding scholar jobs Enthusiasm – a batch of oculus contact, varied voice inflection. Not merely can the personality of a instructor but the leading manner lead to the success or failure of larning. We can separate three different types of leading: dictator, where the leader is rigorous, autocratic, encourages fight and makes all of import determinations himself ; laissez-faire, where the instructor does virtually nil unless he is straight asked a inquiry ; and democratic, where the scholars decide what they will make and the instructor is person who can impact single solutions of jobs. In the group where the instructor behaves magisterially the scholars are submissive and good behaved, but frequently mishear instructions, are competitory, reciprocally belittling and demo marks of aggression and tend to abandon work when the instructor leaves the room. On the contrary, the individualistic group does about nil whether or non the instructor is present. Under democratic leading the scholars work good together without carnival of one surpassing the other. There occur smal l tenseness or aggression and the impermanent absence of the instructor make no alterations in the sum of work the scholars do.[ 4 ] It is clear that creativeness is more bucked up in groups where the instructor does non rule. There can develop pleasant societal relationships, more pupils talk to one another and esteem each other. On the other manus, dominant, aloof, autocratic instructors tend to bring forth either really hostile or subdued group of scholars who are individualists and do non desire to co-operate.6. Teaching SchemesAny activity that gets pupils involved is really utile and makes the learning experimental. This includes e.g. little group treatments, function drama, composing or pulling something specific, skits etc. Activities that involve acquiring up and traveling approximately can besides maintain pupils energized. Try to utilize a assortment of learning stuffs and methods and do non bury single differences of your pupils ( differences in manner, clip, types and gait of larning ) . It is known that single differences addition with age. Take into history that your pupils have a batch of life expe rience which they can convey to the schoolroom, supply them every bit much chances for duologue as possible and ask open-ended inquiries so that they can utilize their cognition and experience. Treat all inquiries and remarks with regard. State your pupils the outlooks of the instruction procedure and familiarise them with the course of study, but do non be disappointed when they do non wholly agree with your program. You can discourse it together and do some alterations in conformity with the demands of your pupils. They can assist you to plan the acquisition procedure. Because grownup pupils are jobs centred, allow them cognize how the freshly acquired cognition can be applied to current jobs or state of affairss. As a instructor you should equilibrate between presentation of new stuff, treatment and engagement among pupils and your class program. Teaching schemes for grownups are more effectual if it is learner-centred than instructor-centred.[ 5 ] By utilizing combinations of grownup scholar techniques and schemes, Extension pedagogues can make preparation experiences that will heighten the acquisition of participants. When grownups participate in a positive acquisition experience, they are more likely to retain what they have learned and use it in their work environment.6.1. Lectures and PresentationsLectures and presentations are the most common instruction methods in big instruction. They are sometimes referred to as an economic manner of learning because they do non necessitate about any technician or administrative support. As a instructor usage these methods exhaustively. First, maintain them short. Lectures should take 15 or 20 proceedingss and bound for presentation is even shorter, five proceedingss. Second, your talk should hold a clear beginning, center and terminal ; it means that it is clear to your pupils and if it is clear defined, it can assist pupils to cognize what the aims are before get downing. This techni ques has o batch of possibilities how to be used. You can present short intensive presentation which is followed by practising. You can instantly see if your pupils understood your talk. Adults learn best through engagement and activity, so your talk or presentation can be interspersed with group treatment, single undertakings, and audio-visual stuff. In the talks or presentations try to maintain to simple chief points. A batch of grownup pupils need to hold a written support of a new piece of larning but it is known that grownups do non take notes really frequently. Making notes during presentation can be a recreation from understanding therefore it is better to teach your pupils non to compose merely listen to you. Fix well-designed printed press releases for them, non really long because it could deter your pupils from reading it. It is better to administer press releases after a talk than earlier ; it is less deflecting. If you are showing, be certain that all scholars are able to see from your point of position. If the presentations are seen from the forepart, the pupil must mentally change by reversal all the procedures. In general, talks and presentations are likely best used in short subdivisions, with frequent resort to treatment, single pattern, undertaking work etc.6.2. Role – drama, Simulation and GamesSimulation, role- drama and games play similar functions in linguistic communication instruction. They are seen as ways of bridging the spread between the schoolroom and the existent word. These activities offer a assortment of ways how to do the acquisition procedure more interesting, disputing and lively. As we said in earlier chapters, grownups need to avoid being told how to make something, they need to seek it out for themselves. Role-playing refers to the changing of one ‘s behavior to presume a function. It is any speech production activity when you either set yourself into person else ‘s places ( The President, a millionaire, a dad star etc. ) , or when you stay in your ain places but set yourself into an fanciful state of affairs ( ‘At the eating house ‘ , ‘Checking in at the airdrome ‘ etc. ) Role-playing is proposed as an ideal technique to learn linguistic communication because it prepares scholars for the unpredictable nature of real-life communicating, Teachs appropriate linguistic communication usage, and boosts assurance. Learning takes topographic point when activities are prosecuting and memorable. It is ever better to convey state of affairss to life and maintain them existent and relevant. We should utilize the role-play for the undermentioned grounds ( Harmer, 1989 ) : It ‘s merriment and motivation. Quieter pupils get the opportunity to show themselves in a more blunt manner. The universe of the schoolroom is broadened to include the outside universe – therefore offering a much wider scope of linguistic communication chances. Some function playing is simple and does non necessitate any particular readying. It is a normal extension of work done rehearsing duologues and drills ; on the other manus, function drama can be prepared in advanced when the instructor sets up the scene. The stuff must be relevant, brief and believable. Once you have selected a suited function drama, predict the linguistic communication needed for it. It is recommended to present any new vocabulary before the function drama. After the function drama is finished, pass some clip on debriefing. This does non intend indicating out and rectifying errors. It is the procedure of debriefing which helps do the acquisition points. After the function drama, the pupils are satisfied with themselves ; they feel that they have used their cognition of the linguistic communication for something utile. This feeling of satisfaction will vanish if every error is analyzed. It might besides do the pupils less confident and less willing to make the other function dramas. Ask your pupils sentiment about the role-play, e.g. : What did you believe of the manner you handled X? How did it compare with the manner you deal with this in existent life? The purpose is to discourse what has happened in the function and what they have learned. Finally, do non bury to thank and praise the participants for their attempts. Example of function drama: We can play the picture where the characters are making something. The pupils watch it and so can reiterate some duologues. Then the instructor divides pupils into groups and they play the characters from the film dawdler, but extend the duologues harmonizing to their ain phantasy. After rectification and treatment they play the same scene once more. Simulation is defined as a world of map in a fake and structured environment. A simulation has three features: A world of map which means the participants in a simulation must step inside the function they have accepted and act consequently. A fake environment where there is no contact with the existent universe. A structured environment where the participants have all the facts and information provided for them.[ 6 ] Simulations have been used in many countries of preparation and instruction, such as the ground forces or in concern surveies. But in whatever country, linguistic communication is the tool used for communicating and Jones claim that simulation and linguistic communication are â€Å" virtually inseparable † . Simulation in ELT motivates scholars because simulation activities give them a opportunity to be involved in linguistic communication usage. It allows everyone to take part and even when errors are made, the instructor does non interfere. It gives chance for meaningful pattern of linguistic communication because most simulations involve interaction, either verbal or non-verbal, in spoken or written signifier. Well – planned simulations that are relevant to the scholars will surely promote earners to desire to finish the undertakings. The realistic ambiance in simulation is achieved through the careful readying of the stimulus stuff. Students take functions where the y behave as people in a wider assortment state of affairss which are close to existent life. Simulation encourages creativeness although it begins with information given to scholars. They need to be clever to bring forth the thought and to finish the simulation. Example of simulation: Title: To do a command 5 participants ( each pupil is given a function card with some information about a function and with counsel what to make: Finance Manager, Factory Manager, Gross saless Manager, Office Manager, and Director ) Situation: The company is doing available RM 10A 000 for upgrading merely one of the four sections. Each section is under the leading of a director ( as in the above ) . Each section is allowed to do a command for the amount of money saying the ground the money is needed. The Director will so make up one's mind the successful bidder. Language maps: Explaining, justifying, supporting, opposing. Time: 1 hr lesson Students are divided in groups of 5. At the terminal of the lesson, the Director studies on the determination for each group.GamesNot merely do many grownups enjoy games, but linguistic communication games really accelerate larning in a figure of ways. It is perfectly critical that big pupils know why they are utilizing a peculiar game, what specific mark grammar or vocabulary are they rehearsing, or what accomplishment are they reenforcing by utilizing the game. If pupils know and understand why they are making a peculiar activity they will be much more inclined to collaborate and bask the acquisition. Learning through merriment activities relaxes pupils and makes the schoolroom atmosphere much more supportive for scholars. Using adequate assortment in the type of activity or game will convey all four acquisition manners into drama: auditory, ocular and kinesthetic. Using games allows your pupils to acquire the most out of lesson clip, by passing it talking English. There are some links where you can happen a batch of games for grownup English scholars: www.teachingenglishgames.com www.ELTgames.com The of import advantage of all above mentioned activities is that they are wholly active methods of larning. Another benefit is that their existent value is frequently in the societal accomplishments they teach.6.3. Undertaking Workâ€Å" State me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand † ( Chinese adage ) Undertaking work is a agency of communicating and enjoyment based on the combination of theory and pattern. A undertaking is an drawn-out piece of work on a peculiar subject where the content and the presentation are determined chiefly by the scholars. Students work in groups to work out disputing jobs that are reliable and frequently interdisciplinary. Learners decide how to near a job and what activities to prosecute. It can be used at every degree from absolute novice to progress. There can be involved all scholars mixed in ability, assurance and experience. The undertakings are really originative. The writers of the undertakings gather information from a assortment of beginnings and synthesise, analyze, and derive cognition from it and so set all the parts together to organize a consistent presentation. It is based on studentsA? demands and involvements. The instructor ‘s function is to steer and rede, instead than to direct and pull off pupil work. How to get down? Teach your pupils how to make undertaking work. Get down with concrete, small-scale activities. Decide the presentation signifier and the standards for its rating. Undertakings need to be seen or read so be after the last undertaking session as a presentation. Types of undertakings: Production undertaking Performance undertaking Collection undertakings Informational undertakings Orientation undertakings Social public assistance undertakings. Each undertaking needs to be evaluated. You can utilize a simple undertaking rating study, which remarks on facets of the undertaking such as content, design, linguistic communication work and besides evaluates the unwritten presentation phase of the undertaking. It can be discussed with all pupils from the category or group. Advantages of undertaking work are: It increases motive because all scholars are personally involved All four accomplishments – reading, composing, listening and talking are integrated Learning outcome – pupils have an concluding merchandise Undertaking is an reliable undertaking and therefore the linguistic communication input is more reliable There are developed interpersonal dealingss through working in a group It is learner centred – contend and methodological analysis can be decided between the scholars and the instructor A interruption from everyday.[ 7 ]6.4. DiscussionDiscussion is the prototypic learning method for active acquisition because it encourages pupils to detect solutions and develop critical thought abilities. . Discussion allows scholars to be active and experience personal contact. During treatment all participants speak to each other, explore, exchange positions, and larn from each other, pupils from instructor, instructor from pupils. Discussion is a state of affairs where pupils and instructor can and make do an unfastened, equal and personal response to a book, current societal job, manner, movies, political relations etc. which needs reading to take it beyond a factual statement. In a good treatment most members of the group experience willing able to talk when appropriate. Even in group where everybody contributes, there will be people who talk more than others. Dominant members of groups are frequently able and energetic people, whose enterprise can be used for other group membe rs, either in the thoughts they contribute to general treatment, or in some particular assignments, excess research or short talks they can set about. Silent member or people who speak seldom in a treatment can be soundless as a manner of demoing disapproval of what the remainder of group are stating or they can be diffident, diffident or lazy or because they prefer to listen to other people instead than to speak themselves. Problems of over-dominant and excessively soundless pupils can be solved by dividing the group into smaller groups for some portion of the category clip. Peoples who ne'er speak in the big group can state a batch in the smaller 1. Before treatment you can promote your pupil to fix for it. They can believe about a subject, read some stuffs and write notes and remarks. It is normal that for the first twosome of proceedingss the treatment is slow and hard to pull off, but if your pupils are prepared for it and you create a friendly atmosphere it can shortly warm up. If your purpose is a treatment which involves everyone, it is of import to run chairs in a circle, as that is the lone manner people can see or turn to each other easy than in sitting lecture- manner in consecutive lines.[ 8 ]DecisionIn decision, learning grownups should be different from learning kids and striplings. As we said, instructors of grownups should utilize a different manner of learning which is based on the theory of andragogy which suggest that grownups expect learner – centred scenes where they can find their ain ends and form their acquisition harmonizing to their present life demands. The learning techniques should be chosen wi th respect to demands of all scholars. We should see what attack and methods seem to be appropriate for our pupils. We have to esteem our pupils different larning manners, we should promote them, actuate them and give them a proper feedback. When our pupils know that the instruction procedure benefits them pragmatically, they will execute better, and the benefits will be longer enduring. Good instructors of grownups take all of these factors into history. Beyond learning your topic, you have the chance to animate assurance and passion in another human being. This is your challenge as a instructor of grownups.