The United States Meat Animal Research Center - 1390 Words

Actions Speak Louder than Words Words do not have to be said for someone to be impacted. Actions send out either a positive or negative message depending upon how the action is presented. In our society, people tend to judge others by actions rather than by words. Even though there may be more behind words, actions tend to speak louder. The media features many negative stories about agriculture. One such story centered on the animal welfare occurring at the United States Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, Nebraska. The United States Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) was founded 51 years ago on June 16, 1964 (U.S. Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center, NE). This research facility was established to consolidate the United States Department of Agriculture’s research on farm animals; beef, swine, and sheep in particular. The mission of the USMARC states: â€Å"Scientists at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) are developing scientific information and new technology to solve high priority problems for the U.S. beef, sheep, and swine industries. Objectives are to increase efficiency of production while maintaining a lean, high quality product; therefore, the research ultimately benefits the consumer as well as the production and agri-business sectors of animal agriculture. The research is directed toward problems of national concern and to meeting USDA s Action Agencies research needs. Research approaches involve multidisciplinaryShow MoreRelatedThe Meat Industry Is Negatively Affecting America s Health And Well Being1409 Words   |  6 PagesI am really concerned about our eating habits in America, and I am beginning to wonder if the meat industry is negatively affecting America s health and well-being. During this course I have efficiently held that the meat industry is in high demand, because we have dram atically increased the amount of meat consumed over the last twenty years. My understanding of this topic is that animals such as cows and chickens are being mistreated; this due to them living in small compartments, and in unhealthyRead MoreEssay about The Corrupted Food on Our Tables561 Words   |  3 PagesCorporations such as Tyson Foods Inc. The legal definition of Animal Cruelty is†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Acts of violence or neglect perpetrated against animals† (Animal Cruelty). The red barn with white framing, the bright green pasture with cows grazing, and the respectable family who owns the land as seen in many commercials is a myth. Farming mechanisms have changed to increase production of livestock but what are the consequences faced by these innocent animals? Factory Farming is the industrialized production of livestockRead MoreNegative Effects Of Factory Farming1684 Words   |  7 Pagespoint to the idea that factory farming has negative impacts on the state of human he alth, socioeconomic status/livelihood of small farmers, and the environment altogether. Human health effects are multifarious and are described through the following statistics. Animal foods and by-products are the primary source of saturated fat in the diet of most Americans. This type of fat has been connected to both obesity and heart disease (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Various studies have indicatedRead MoreThe Ignorance Of Human Consumers Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesIgnorance of Human Consumers Humans share nurturing and pain. In the same way, animals were created to express emotions. Yet, there are mammals who are denied freedom. For a person to be ripped away from their comfortable homes, to be placed in a slaughter house leaves a treacherous image. Imagine a room filled with naked individuals awaiting their death, similar to the genocide of the Holocaust. Billions of farm animals undergo this exact situation yearly. American vegans strive for carnivores toRead MoreHealth Care Regulatory Agencies Paper889 Words   |  4 Pagesculture, and the economy. Its power of influence includes most food products (with the exception of poultry and meat), animal and human medication, therapeutic agents of biological origin, medical instruments, radiation-emitting products for consumer, medical, and professional use, toiletries, make-up, and animal food (FDA, 2009). Agency scientists review applications for new human and animal drugs, infant formulas, food and color additives, and complex medical devices. Also, the FDA monitor s theRead MoreWho Regulates Food Safety For The United States? Essay807 Words   |  4 PagesWho Regulates Food Safety In The United States? In the U.S the food is regulated at the federal and state levels. All three branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) are involved in controlling the food industry. Each branch have their own laws. ïÆ'ž The legislative branch such as Congress set public policies. ïÆ'ž The executive branch represents government agencies such as the FDA and the USDA. Their role is to implement the policies created by the legislative branch. ïÆ'ž The judicialRead MoreAnimal Welfare Act Of 1966. Before 1966, Almost Of Animals,1660 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Welfare Act of 1966 Before 1966, almost of animals, family pets as well, were being taken away by thieves and burglars because a lot of laboratories were paying others to do the messed up dirty work all so they could test on them with all sorts of chemicals. Between 1908-1973, President Lyndon B. Johnson saw this and the heard cries and sorrow of the people and didn’t agree with what was going on. On August 24th, 1966 President Johnson created a nameless act in order to ensure and protectRead MoreIs It Ethical And Eat Meat? Essay1469 Words   |  6 PagesIs it ethical to eat meat? Many people either believe that, or simply choose to be oblivious about the truth or the basic idea that puts all non-vegetarians on a pedestal only to increase their ego, comfortably forcing everyone else to look away from the ugly truth about meat consumption, therefore reinforcing the senseless debate about humans being at the top of the food chain, as if people were savages and need meat to survive. If thatâ€℠¢s the case, then why not eat raw meat? There’s no connectionRead MoreThe Jungle Essay example944 Words   |  4 PagesSinclair had a major impact on the way the world saw the American Meat Packing Industry. While Upton Sinclair originally intended to appeal to the public’s heart concerning the conditions and the treatment of workers, it was obvious that the book had more of an impact on the meat industry. The public was outraged by the stories of waste meat being canned as wholesome meat, workers falling into vats and being processed as lard, and dead animals being processed when the inspectors weren’t looking. UptonRead MoreThe Dangers of Genetically Modified Food Essays749 Words   |  3 Pagesconsume thousands of pounds of genetically modified foods every day. Throughout the 21st century, genetic engineering tremendously impacted new research in pharmaceutical and forensic science. During that time, it also revolutionized the food in America and many ot her countries around the world. Using Recombinant DNA biotechnology on crops and farm animals helps improve nutrition and quantity of foods. However, crops that are altered with hybrid genes can also contain chemicals harmful to humans.

Can Aung San Suu Kyi Really Change Myanmar Free Essays

Can Aung San Suu Kyi really change Myanmar? The 1991 Nobel Peace Prize winner, Miss Aung San Suu Kyi graduated from the Oxford University, B. A. in philosophy, politics and economics at St. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Aung San Suu Kyi Really Change Myanmar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hugh’s College in 1967 (The Nobel Prize in Peace 1991, 2010). On the 27 May 1990, her party, the National League Democracy (NLD) won 392 out of the 492 seats (Burmese General Election, 1990, 2010). Despite her popularity with the citizens in Myanmar, the military disregards the result of that election. After two decades, the Burmese general election, 2010 will be held on the 7 November and once again the spot light is brought back to the political stage of Myanmar ever since 1990. A question that has always revolved around Aung San Suu Kyi is – can Aung San Suu Kyi really change Myanmar? From my point of view, Miss Aung San Suu Kyi may not really be able change Myanmar. She can change the current situation of Myanmar however not completely; especially in a country that has gone through six different political transformations in the last half-century. Firstly, Miss Aung San Suu Kyi is inexperienced and â€Å"new† to Myanmar. Although she was born in Myanmar and had received education there, during the years when Myanmar fell into military dictatorship, 1962, she was studying in a high school in Lady Shri Ram College in New Delhi, 1960 – 1964 (The Nobel Prize in Peace 1991, 2010). She had spent most of her adulthood and received education aboard. Even though she visited her mother annually and had been in Mynmar since 1988, most of the time she is kept under house arrest. One of her quote was â€Å"I saw many aspects of the country which I needed to see in order that I might know what we need to do† (Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Quotes, 1997). Despite so, much of her time is spent serving her house arrest terms. Although she had spent much of her time reading about philosphy, politics and many more books but what she had is mere knowledge she had gained from reading in order to lead a country, experience would be a vital contribution to the people. Miss Aung San Suu Kyi had received most of her education in the western and had worked for the United Nation (UN) for two years. She wrote and did researches for biography of her father (The Nobel Prize in Peace 1991, 2010). In one of her speech she mentioned that â€Å"People have been saying I know nothing of Burmese politics. The trouble is, I know too much. †(Wallechinsky, 1997). It could be true that Aung San Suu Kyi know a lot about Myanmar however some of the decisions she made had shown her inexperience as a leader. An example that show that her inexperienced would be the issue on Myanmar tourisim. There was a report in an August 2008 in which the World Travel and Tourism Council estimated that tourism provides about 5. 8% of Myanmar’s job. All these could had been more if not of Aung San Suu Kyi who asked the travellers to â€Å"visit us later, in 1995 and in 2002 she told the BBC that the NLD stand on tourism â€Å"has not changed† (Myanmar, Should you go, 2009). A report in 2007 from Tourism Concern stated that, many Aung San Suu Kyi supports the boycott â€Å"unless we hear otherwise† from her. It is noted that, one of the British former ambassador to Myanmar, Derek Tonkin calls Aung San Suu Kyi ‘an idealist unable to compromise with the rough reality of Southeast Asian politcs’ (Myanmar, Should you go, 2009). By boycotting the tourisim, it is not the Myanmar government that suffer but the civilains that suffer. The government are not affected since they gets their income from trade of gems, timber, textiles and oil and gas. The tourism sector employs 300,000, not including grassroots business. Creating jobs and incomes for the Burmese, is the way that can really benefit the population. Secondly, despite the overwhelming supports from the citizens in Myanmar, she does not have any supporters from the military. Myanmar has been under the military rule for 48 years. Even though the people would like to abolish the current military junta, they still need the power of the military and the police to control the stability of the country. When the country starts to reform, it may result in some instability, if Miss Aung Sun Suu Kyi does not have the support and the power to control the military, the country would be in chaos which may lead to undesirable consequences. Most of Miss Aung San Suu Kyi’s influential supporters are from the western countries but the local military junta are not in good terms with the westerners. Without the support of local power, many political goals cannot be achieved. Thirdly, most of her speeches revolve around social reform and few talks about what are their plans for the future. Right now what the people in Myanmar really need is social reforms however; soon other problems would start to surface such as economic factors, the need of jobs will eventually increase and more. A type of publication that Miss Suu Kyi uses was whenever she is interacting with the media, she would never forget to ask other countries for support – â€Å"please use your liberty to promote ours† (Aung San Suu Kyi, 2010). Currently, she has supporters from all over the world. It is to be believed that if she were to gain presidency of the country, aids will be provided to help her built Myanmar. Yet the sanction that has been in placed on Myanmar has contributed to the sufferings of the citizens. Therefore I strongly feel that it is not way to gain attention that can help Myanmar gain democracy, if it is, it would had worked. The situation in Myanmar is not as simple as what the westerns think to why the military junta had rejected the aids for the May 2008 cyclone. One way to interpret why the military government rejected the aids would be â€Å"The Myanmar’s government †¦ fear of American invasion and the fragile pride of its top officials† (Aung San Suu Kyi, 2010). The western countries often regarded as superior, had sometimes unintentional showed disrespect to the third world countries by not understanding enough of a country’s culture. Hence disregarded the feeling of the citizen of the country they provide help with. Therefore, it is no wonder sometimes the Military junta unwelcome the aids from the westerns. For the upcoming election on the 7 November 2010, Miss Aung San Suu Kyi has decided to boycott the election. Some senior members from the NLD have formed the National Democratic Force (NDF) to contest the election† (Burmese General Election, 1990, 2010) as they claimed that a boycott would play into the hands of the government. The phenomenal of this is that, the members of the NLD has starts to showdoubts in the decision Miss Aung San Suu Kyi made and therfore they left the NLD to form a new party the NDF. This may indicate that her popularity is decreasing, though in a slow rate, as she passes her years under the house a rrest. In conclusion, I really admire Miss Aung San Suu Kyi’s courage and what she had been trying to do. Despite being kept under house arrest for two decades, she is still determined to change Myanmar in a way she believes in. Also if it had not been her, the citizens of Myanmar would not have tried to fight for their freedoms and rights. However no matter how determined she is, the military junta will, by all means try to get her out of their way. An example would be her endless loop of house arrest which will cause her to miss the election that is coming up on the 7 November. Moreover the non-violence demonstration had been going on for decades and nothing had really changes ever since they started. If her focus is just on social reform, it can work on a short term basis but not in the long run. Moreover, she is losing support from her own party as she is being too idealistic. She has ideas in mind but has not done anything to realise them. Therefore, I think that, Miss Aung San Suu Kyi may not be able to really change Myanmar. Reference Aung San Suu Kyi. (2010, August 15). Retrieved August 31, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikiquote. org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi Burmese General Election, 1990. (2010, August 28). Retrieved August 30, 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Burmese_general_election,_1990 Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Quotes. (1997, January 19). Retrieved August 2010, 31, from Brainy Quote: http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/d/daw_aung_san_suu_kyi. html The Nobel Prize in Peace 1991. (2010, August 30). Retrieved August 30, 2010, from Nobel Prize: http://nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1991/kyi-bio. html# Wallechinsky, D. (1997, January 19). The Voice of Her People: Aung San Suu Kyi. Retrieved August 31, 2010, from Parade: http://www. parade. com/articles/editions/1997/edition_01-19-1997/aung-san-suu-kyi. html? index=2 How to cite Can Aung San Suu Kyi Really Change Myanmar, Papers

Airjet Best Parts Inc Part Essay Example For Students

Airjet Best Parts Inc Part Essay If the amount of the dividends were to increase at the end of the year the common stock molten would increase. Fifth required rate tot return increased the current share price of common stock would decrease, As the stock price increases, the risk becomes higher for investors but they would be willing to pay for the higher price because there is also an expectation that there will be a higher return in dividends. An increase in dividends would make stock higher as investors will see that the stock pays good dividends and they Avail be willing to pay good money in return for a good payout. Task 3 Annual rate: 7. 50% Current price of bond: $1,062 Term: 20 years Par value $1,000 Annual Interest: 37500 Semi Annual Interest: $37. 50 $1,062 = $37. 50 x 1 (1 4 YET,2) divided by WITTY 1000/1 -e 6. 92% A coupon rate is generally fixed and is known as the stated rate off bond that determines the periodic interest payments. The annual coupon divided by the face value is called the coupon rate of the bond. The VT M rate would be the rate of return the investor would earn or the required rate of return of interest fifth bond was purchased at its current market price and held to maturity. The VT M is also known as the bond yield. This is also the discount rate that is equal to the discounted value of the bonds future cash flows to its current market price, Certain factors can contribute to the rockiness of bonds such as interest risk and credit risk. The interest risk is resulting from fluctuating interest rates Which poses a risk for bondholders because the return they get from the bonds are affected by the sensitivity Of the price Of bonds to any changes to the interest rate. Credit risk of bonds has a possibility that the bond issuer will default on the bond. The risk that the bond issuer Will default on the bond Will mean that the investors actual yield will be lower. Other factors that can contribute to the rockiness of bonds are inflation rates and the financial health of the bond issuer. Some positive covenants Airiest could use in future bond issues is maintain a minimum level of net working capital, maintain any and all collateral or security related to the bond indenture as well as all facilities in good working condition. They also must file quarterly audited financial statements and make sure bondholders have access to this information. They must maintain a certain level of debt coverage ratio as well as allow tort redemption in the event of a merger or sale, Some negative covenants that Airiest can have in their future bond issues could be debt limitation, limitation on liens or mergers, consolidations or sales, dividend limitation, or limitations on asset disposal They cannot pay unusually high dividends and must limit those dividends to a certain amount, they cannot lease or sell off major assets without the approval of the lender, they cannot issue additional debt and they cannot pledge any assets to lenders.

Summary of Politics and the English Language free essay sample

In â€Å"Politics and the English Language,† George Orwell argues against the common belief that language grows with and adapts to the changing times, there being nothing any individual can do about it. He explains that the decline of the English language comes from a never ending cycle of foolish thoughts giving way to sloppy writing, which eventually leads to more foolish thoughts. Throughout his essay, Orwell connects with his readers by establishing his credibility, using emotional appeals, and providing logical evidence of how the English language is continuously declining and how writers could slow, and possibly stop, this process. To emphasize the complexity of the rules of writing, Orwell utilizes parallel structure, often interlacing parallel structures to keep the reader on his/her toes and give the body unity. His parallel structures also assist in straying away from repetition of ideas and a monotonous tone. Although Orwell states that â€Å"correct grammar and syntax†¦are of no importance,† one can see that he most definitely attempts to engage his readers through syntax and grammar (109). We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Politics and the English Language or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page His back-and-forth writing between his body paragraphs and his self contradiction supports the rule he later introduces: â€Å"Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous† (112). His contradictions of himself may at first leave some readers puzzled, but ultimately establishes the concept that a writer should not be afraid to break conventions to make a point. George Orwell, in paragraph five, goes on to express his disappointment towards writers who lack originality by using common and overused metaphors, implying that they really do not care for what they are writing about what-so-ever. He discusses the common misinterpretations of old metaphors that are still used in today’s works, explaining that if the writer knows it will be misunderstood, he/she should not incorporate the phrase. Orwell continues to express disdain as he explains that several writers no longer use simple verbs, but rather phrases that involve passive voice. He looks down on the elimination of simple conjunctions and prepositions, accusing writers of focusing too much on symmetry and too little on climatic ends of sentences. As Orwell continuous his contemptuous writing in paragraph six, he scolds writers for overusing pretentious diction, saying that they â€Å"are used to dress up simple statements,† â€Å"dignify the sordid processes of international politics,† and â€Å"give an air of culture and elegance† (109). He also expresses his disgust with words that add no particular meaning, like sentimental, natural, or vitality (110). Many political words, Orwell also states, are often used improperly and dishonestly. He explains that overusing pretentious diction and meaningless words only result in sloppy and vague writing, looking down on the lack of originality. In paragraphs 9, 10, and 11, Orwell leads into a translation of â€Å"good English† into â€Å"modern English. † He analyzes the lack of concreteness in the modern English version in comparison to the good English version. He describes modern writing as â€Å"gumming together long strips of words which have already been set in order by someone else, and making the results presentable by sheer humbug† (111). Orwell states that writers choose to save mental effort by using vague and meaningless phrases and words, going back to the quotes he included earlier to prove his point. By the end of paragraph 12, it is very clear that â€Å"ready-made phrases† are not what George Orwell would like to see in any particular passage. In paragraph 13, Orwell states that political writing is bad writing, unless the specific writer is somewhat outside of the box with his/her views. He compares a political speaker to a dummy as he discusses the speaker’s repetition of the same phrases over and over again, the speaker being in a sort of unconsciousness. Orwell goes on in paragraph 14 to describe political speech as a sort of pacification for political issues across the world, even naming a few like British rule in India. He then explains how people, even professors, use unnecessary political speech to ineffectively get their points across. Orwell continues his discussion of the cycle involving thought ruining language and language ruining thought, expressing his concern that what is convenient is not always what is correct. He even claims that the very essay he has written undoubtedly has the simple mistakes he has discussed. Orwell uses a quote from The Allies to prove his point once again, also explaining that the only way to end this abuse of the English language is to be constantly on guard. As Orwell restates his opinion, he poses a counterargument: â€Å"language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development by any direct tinkering with words and constructions† (114). However, he produces several solutions to solve the issue directly after the counterargument is stated. Orwell whole-heartedly explains that the world could exterminate itself of the over-used metaphors, ready-made phrases, and filler words easily, it only takes a small group to get rid of them. In paragraph 18, he makes it clear that ending the use of worn out phrases and words has no relevance grammar or syntax. He goes on to restate his point and how it can be avoided. As Orwell comes to a close, he restates basically every main point in his essay, declaring that major attitude change is necessary before the revival of the English language can happen. Orwell explains that he considers â€Å"language as an instrument for expressing and not for concealing or preventing thought† (115). He suggests writers simplify their works to steer clear of stupid and meaningless remarks. In his conclusion, Orwell urges writers not to change everything at once, but to change one aspect at a time, and to work hard enough to rid the English language of the useless, ready-made phrases that writers so often resort to.

Gender Equality Essays

Gender Equality Essays Gender Equality Essay Gender Equality Essay Workplace In the United States, more than half of the employees in most companies are women. In 40% of families, a woman is the primary source of income. Women, on average, receive more college degrees than men (37% of women have Bachelors degrees compared to 34% of men). Despite all of this, women still somehow earn significantly less than men yearly. In 2013, for every dollar a man made, a woman only earned 77 cents. The wage gap between men and women has barely changed since the 1 sass. According to research, if change continues at the same slow pace as it has done for the past fifty years, it will take almost fifty years-?or until 2058-?for women to finally reach pay parity (Pay Equity and Discrimination). Therefore, the setback is not that females are not educated; the problem enters when parents try to balance work and family, and women usually end up carrying nearly all of the careening responsibilities (Britton, Gender Inequality and Women in the Workplace). Many organizations concerning gender inequality have been founded in order o raise awareness of this ongoing problem. The largest and probably most impacting organization is called He-For-She. This group uses successful people with powerful voices (such as actors/actresses, musicians, etc. ) to bring the problem of gender inequality into the limelight. There are many other associations dealing with gender equality, but none has been as successful as this one. None of the organizations have washed out the entire issue, but they have brought more attention to it. Teenagers are now standing up for heir equality and rights on social media because of these movements for justice. Emma Watson speech for He-For-She acknowledged that the progress toward men and women getting paid the same is moving slowly, but at least its moving. The problem hasnt been solved because it is a large, ongoing dilemma that involves half of the citizens in the Unites States of America. It is almost impossible for one person to come in and somehow make every person, male and female, get paid equally. It is a long process that has recently begun to move in a positive direction faster than it ever has. : If men and women of every age continue to stand up for their equal rights and join the movement organizations like He-For-She and The Institute of Womens Policy Research have started, the problem will continue gaining recognition. As the problem gains awareness, more and more people will start doing something about it. If influential people and teenagers continue joining the movement towards feminism (the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes), the issue of unequal pay in the workplace will be brought to an end sooner than predicted.

Causes of World War I Essay -- World History

Beginning in 1870, military powers of Europe gradually began to increase. Countries began to make use of innovative war armaments, as well as expand armies and lengthen service periods. For instance, Germany increased its army size to 170,000 men, France extended military service requirements from 2 to 3 years, and Russia extended requirements f... Causes of World War I Essay -- World History The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife was definitely the most significant cause of the calamity that is World War I. Franz Ferdinand, the heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne, was simply visiting Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unfortunately, a secret Serbian society known as the Black Hand awaited the Archduke’s arrival. This nationalist group targeted Ferdinand due to the feeling amongst Serbians that once appointed to the throne; Ferdinand would uphold the persecution of Serbs inhabiting the borders of the Austro- Hungarian Empire. Gavrilo Princip was one of eight members of the Black Hand chosen to execute Franz Ferdinand. Unloading two shots, Princip had assassinated both Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Seized by the police, he was beaten and put into prison, and there he died. The shots of this young man echoed all over the world to initiate the explosion of World War I. Following the assassination, Austria- Hungary was ready to declare war on Serbia, whom they believed was responsible for the death of Ferdinand. Without the support of Germany, Austria- Hungary probably would not have attacked itory. Germany was left weak in every aspect. The people of Germany were left emotionally disconnected, which was why Adolf Hitler was able to easily preach his ideas. The unjust treatment towards Germany was a cause of World War II. This was something far worse than World War I, which was unimaginable at the time. In conclusion, World War I was a global disaster that disrupted the peace in many different areas. Along with nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and the alliance system, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a cause that sparked the horrific event of World War I. With the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente were two opposing groups, and two specific clashing forces were Germany and Russia. Although an attempt to spread harmony throughout Europe was made, all it did was cause a much greater threat to the peace around the world.

Three theories for a better life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Three theories for a better life - Essay Example Thus, it is important that we know â€Å"ourselves†, our failings, our tendencies and our weaknesses so that we may guard ourselves from it and prevent ourselves from veering away from virtuousness. We can take for an example an honest family man who makes a living for his family. He may toil with integrity under normal situation, but when a crisis like losing a job will set in, he may be faced with a dilemma that would reveal his weakness and change his disposition (honesty). He may be tempted to commit fraud when presented the opportunity just to provide for his family. This is a common dilemma that confronts many â€Å"honest† people which made them less virtuous because it hit their unguarded weaknesses such as theirlove and duty for their family that held them hostage to do things that they do not like. 3) (a) State and explain the meaning of the second version of Kant's categorical imperative. (b) what are the ethical implications of this  imperative; [c] provid e a somewhat detailed analysis of an ethically relevant problem or situation, different from those discussed in the  readings or in class, that can be illuminated through this imperative. To effectively explain Kant’s second version of categorical imperative, it would be necessary to understand what Kant meant by categorical imperative. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they meant which are command such as â€Å"wake up early†. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as â€Å"wake up early so you will not be later for work. This imperative or command becomes categorical when it is applied... To effectively explain Kant’s second version of categorical imperative, it would be necessary to understand what Kant meant by categorical imperative. According to Kant, imperatives imply what they meant which are command such as â€Å"wake up early†. Often they are hypothetical imperative because they only serve a specific objective or purpose such as â€Å"wake up early so you will not be later for work. This imperative or command becomes categorical when it is applied universally and that the actions and decisions of individuals are to be judged solely by their motivations and that the consequences do not matter morally (as in the case of hypothetical imperative) neither the intended consequences nor the actual consequences matter morally; only the principle or rule we follow if we do the action matters morally. Thus actions themselves become an end and this action should be a rational result in the exercise of freewill. Consistent to this, Kant’s second impe rative states that every person has the duty to use and exercise his goodness/humanity as a means to an end. The application of this second formulation of Kant’s categorical imperative is best illustrated in slave ownership. A slave owner may assert his right to own a property which in this case is a slave. While ownership by itself is not immoral, slave ownership becomes unethical or immoral according to Kant’s second imperative because it deprives a person of his free rational action and that persons can never be a mere means to an end.

How and Why Starbucks Is Affected By both Internal and External Essay

How and Why Starbucks Is Affected By both Internal and External Challenges - Essay Example This paper illustrates that increased globalization and trade liberalization of markets has resulted in the facilitated growth of international business. However, together with opportunities for increased revenues and new markets’ potential, many firms have faced with a challenge of managing organizational behavior in different environments. Organizations, especially those that operate in multiple regions or continents are continuously exposed to divergent legal, political and socio-cultural environments. One of the great examples of such organizations is Starbucks Corporation. Starbucks is a leading multinational corporation operating in the specialist coffee retailing sector. Its values share in the world coffee shops category has reached 0.7% in 2013. While the company’s largest business unity is in the US (63% of sales), it has managed to establish a substantial international presence. The company pursues a strategy of global business expansion. As the company opera tes in numerous international markets it faces with various external factors that influence the company’s strategy and operations. In order to overcome all these challenges and other difficulties, it is vital for a business organization to have efficient and appropriate organizational structure. The company has implemented a functional organizational structure and combined it with a divisional approach, whereas organizational structure is comprised of various departments and divisions that are responsible for performing different functions. After Howard Shultz, the founder of the Starbucks returned to the organization as the CEO in 2008, he has introduced some transformational changes to the organizational structure. The company has decreased the number of partners and the number of existing positions, and also reduced its workforce. Furthermore, in 2012, the company has redefined its organizational structure of retail business focusing on geographic principle and identifying three-region structures: Americas (US, Latin America, and Canada), China/Asia Pacific, and Europe, Middle East and Africa. Thus, the company has supplemented its structure with geographically based divisional structure design.

Etanercept Essay Example for Free

Etanercept Essay Although it is known that etanercept is a recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF? ) receptor fusion protein that decreases its role in disorders that involves excess inflammation in animals, mainly in humans, including autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, hepatitis C, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, it obviously shows that the effect of this fusion protein depends on the genes of the patient relative to his or her reaction to this protein. Citing the 60 year old male patient who was involved of being treated with etanercept, again, it manifests that there are different cases for different sets of specimens. Presumably, it is not wise to jump to conclusions that etanercept is not that beneficial in treating psoriasis or hepatitis C or both. One must take into consideration the genial pattern of the patient. Furthermore, etanercept is protein, which as we all know, comprises the basic genial structure of each cell of the body. In order for such protein to react or perform smoothly and beneficially, the subject should be focused more on protein â€Å"match-up† rather than citing several cases from the past or other occurrences involving etanercept.

The Character of Falstaff in Shakespeares Henry IV, Part I Essay

The Character of Falstaff in Henry IV, Part I      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeare's genius in character and plot development is exemplified in two of his most complex history plays, Richard II and Henry IV, Part I. With these sequential plays, Shakespeare vividly develops characters and sets up complicated plots by juxtapositioning people with others. Specifically, he first creates a binary opposition between Richard and Bolingbrook in Richard II, and then, recalls the plot and carries out an almost mirror image character contrast with Hal and Hotspur in Henry IV, Part I. However, in typical Shakespeare fashion, the seemingly mirror-image binaries of Richard/Bolingbrook and Hal/Hotspur break down with Shakespeare's character complexity.    A major reason why these character parallels do not perfectly hold up is because of the marvelous character of Falstaff. Absent from Richard II, Falstaff is introduced in Henry IV to create intricacy and ambiguity regarding likenesses among these characters. Falstaff significantly complicates the Hotspur-is-to-Bolingbrook-as-Hal-is-to-Richard II assumption because Falstaff has so much in common with the King. Therefore, as opposed to Hotspur's becoming the Bolingbrook persona, it is the drunken and disorderly Falstaff who becomes the character most parallel to the King. However, the King associates himself with Hotspur, who, as his name suggests, is a relentless warrior. The King puts forth a sense that Hotspur will act as Bolingbrook did in Richard II, by challenging the Prince's right to the throne; he feels that Bolingbrook's rivalry with Richard is reflected in Hotspur's position as Hal's challenger.    In the first scene of Henry IV, Part I, King Henry immediately ... ...tspur seems unfitting. Adding complexity to characterization through his comical action, Falstaff is a crucial character in Henry IV, Part I, and it is through the character of Falstaff that we see the parallel between Hotspur and Bolingbrook breaks down.    Works Cited and Consulted Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. H.C. Robinson's Memoranda Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp. 236-237. Goldman, Michael. Shakespeare and the Energies of Drama Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp. 260-261. Johnson, Samuel. The Plays of William Shakespeare Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.234- 235. Kahn, Coppelia. Man's Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.262-266. Shakespeare, William. Henry IV, Part I, ed. M.A. Shaaber, Penguin Books (NY: 1985). Wilson, John Dover. The Fortunes of Falstaff Henry IV, Signet Classic, pp.238-243.   

Children Reading Essay

â€Å"Children are not reading as much as they should presents danger† As Mr. Russell states, children not reading presents a risk in terms of their learning abilities. I believe Mr. Russell is correct. When children do not read enough, their development of creativity, attention span, imagination and vocabulary are not as developed as they should be. Overall they fail to develop to their full potential because reading comprehension strengthens our brain by making it active. When children’s brains are not at their fullest potential when they get older, it could lead to a lot of problems. They can receive poor grades, have a difficult time when completing assignments, have a low self-esteem and behavior problems, become shy and get easily frustrated. If a whole generation of children grew up to have these issues, it could lead to many problems in society as a whole. â€Å"A book requires that we think, and that is the great adventure to reading.† When we read a book, it forces us to use or brains. It requires us to take every element in the story such as the characters, plot and setting and putting them together to create a theme. Putting together these elements enhances our creativity and forces us to use our intelligence. While reading a book one imagines in their mind what is going on with the story. This visual then enhances our creativity. It also forces us to use our intelligence. The vocabulary and solutions to the problems makes us think. Personally, I think one of the best things about reading something that you enjoy is the adventure that you have while reading. I forget about my everyday issues and enter into a world where my mind can just explore a whole other world that I cannot physically experience myself. The combination of these aspects makes reading an exciting experience.

Muslim Article

The New York Times article â€Å"Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim† (Swarns 2006) reported on the criticism made by Virginia's Republican Congressman Virgil H. Goode Jr. on the recent election of Minnesota Representative Keith Ellison. According to Rep. Goode Jr., the election of Keith, a Democrat and the first-ever Muslim to sit in the United States Congress, is a grave threat to traditional American values. Goode's warning, contained in a letter addressed to his Virginia constituents dated Dec. 5, 2006, asked Americans to â€Å"wake up† or face the likelihood of more Muslim elected officials that would demand â€Å"use of the Koran†.He also called for the adoption of stringent immigration policies as a step towards the preservation both of this country's beliefs and values and resources. Ellison, a former criminal lawyer and a convert to Islam, has planned to use the Muslim bible in January during his private swearing-in. Goode's comments elicited criti cisms of bigotry and intolerance from some Democrats in Congress and from Muslim Americans as they pointed out that the official swearing in of officials, in contrast to private swearing in,   do not use religious texts. For his part, Ellison pointed out that he is no immigrant, saying that he's an African-American whose roots goes â€Å"back to 1742†. He also said he is a politician and not a religious scholar such that Goode has â€Å"nothing to fear†.This article of the New York Times gave a rather fair coverage as it observed the journalistic standard of presenting both sides of an issue. The article gave space to both Goode's and Ellison's statements and counter-statements, attempting to do so from an objective viewpoint. As for the issue of Islam or being Muslim depicted by the story itself, there are obviously two conflicting sides, two opposing viewpoints. The side of Rep. Goode adopts the position that Islam in the country, or at least the practices of Islam (as the use of Koran, instead of the Christian Bible in swearing-in), poses a considerable threat to traditional American culture. He even insinuated that Muslims, along with other immigrants, are a burden to the United States. On the other, the coverage of Ellison and his sympathizers show that Muslim Americans, who could be good citizens, are welcome in this country. U.S. Congressman Criticizes Election of Muslim By RACHEL L. SWARNSPublished: December 21, 2006WASHINGTON, Dec. 20 — In a letter sent to hundreds of voters this month, Representative Virgil H. Goode Jr., Republican of Virginia, warned that the recent election of the first Muslim to Congress posed a serious threat to the nation’s traditional values.Skip to next paragraphRepresentative Virgil H. Goode Jr., left, said Keith Ellison’s decision to use a Koran in a private swearing in for the House of Representatives was a mistake.Mr. Goode was referring to Keith Ellison, the Minnesota Democrat and criminal defense lawyer who converted to Islam as a college student and was elected to the House in November. Mr. Ellison’s plan to use the Koran during his private swearing-in ceremony in January had outraged some Virginia voters, prompting Mr. Goode to issue a written response to them, a spokesman for Mr. Goode said.In his letter, which was dated Dec. 5, Mr. Goode sa id that Americans needed to â€Å"wake up† or else there would â€Å"likely be many more Muslims elected to office and demanding the use of the Koran.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I fear that in the next century we will have many more Muslims in the United States if we do not adopt the strict immigration policies that I believe are necessary to preserve the values and beliefs traditional to the United States of America and to prevent our resources from being swamped,† said Mr. Goode, who vowed to use the Bible when taking his own oath of office.Mr. Goode declined Wednesday to comment on his letter, which quickly stirred a furor among some Congressional Democrats and Muslim Americans, who accused him of bigotry and intolerance.They noted that the Constitution specifically bars any religious screening of members of Congress and that the actual swearing in of those lawmakers occurs without any religious texts. The use of the Bible or Koran occurs only in private ceremonial events that ta ke place after lawmakers have officially sworn to uphold the Constitution.Mr. Ellison dismissed Mr. Goode’s comments, saying they seemed ill informed about his personal origins as well as about Constitutional protections of religious freedom. â€Å"I’m not an immigrant,† added Mr. Ellison, who traces his American ancestors back to 1742. â€Å"I’m an African-American.†Since the November election, Mr. Ellison said, he has received hostile phone calls and e-mail messages along with some death threats. But in an interview on Wednesday, he emphasized that members of Congress and ordinary citizens had been overwhelmingly supportive and said he was focusing on setting up his Congressional office, getting phone lines hooked up and staff members hired, not on negative comments.â€Å"I’m not a religious scholar, I’m a politician, and I do what politicians do, which is hopefully pass legislation to help the nation,† said Mr. Ellison, who said he planned to focus on secular issues like increasing the federal minimum wage and getting health insurance for the uninsured.â€Å"I’m looking forward to making friends with Representative Goode, or at least getting to know him,† Mr. Ellison said, speaking by telephone from Minneapolis. â€Å"I want to let him know that there’s nothing to fear. The fact that there are many different faiths, many different colors and many different cultures in America is a great strength.†In Washington, Brendan Daly, a spokesman for the incoming House speaker, Nancy Pelosi of California, called Mr. Goode’s letter â€Å"offensive.† Corey Saylor, legislative director for the Council on American-Islamic Relations, criticized what he described as Mr. Goode’s â€Å"message of intolerance.†Representative Bill Pascrell Jr., Democrat of New Jersey, urged Mr. Goode to reach out to Muslims in Virginia and learn â€Å"to dispel misconceptions instea d of promoting them.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Keith Ellison serves as a great example of Muslim Americans in our nation, and he does not have to answer to you, to me or anyone else in regards to questions about his faith,† said Mr. Pascrell, whose district includes many Arab-Americans.The fracas over Mr. Ellison’s decision to use the Koran during his personal swearing-in ceremony began last month when Dennis Prager, a conservative columnist and radio host, condemned the decision as one that would undermine American civilization.â€Å"Ellison’s doing so will embolden Islamic extremists and make new ones, as Islamists, rightly or wrongly, see the first sign of the realization of their greatest goal — the Islamicization of America,† said Mr. Prager, who said the Bible was the only relevant religious text in the United States.â€Å"If you are incapable of taking an oath on that book, don’t serve in Congress,† Mr. Prager said.In his letter, Mr. Goode e choed that view, saying that he did not â€Å"subscribe to using the Koran in any way.† He also called for ending illegal immigration and reducing legal immigration.Linwood Duncan, a spokesman for Mr. Goode, said the Virginia lawmaker had no intention of backing down, despite the furor.â€Å"He stands by the letter,† Mr. Duncan said. â€Å"He has no intention of apologizing.†

How does Charlotte Bronte create sympathy for Jane in the first two chapters Essay Example

How does Charlotte Bronte create sympathy for Jane in the first two chapters Essay Example How does Charlotte Bronte create sympathy for Jane in the first two chapters Essay How does Charlotte Bronte create sympathy for Jane in the first two chapters Essay Essay Topic: Charlotte Temple House Of Mirth Literature Charlotte Bronte takes her reader on an emotional journey through the life of her eponymous heroine – Jane Eyre. Through this journey the reader learns all about Jane’s distressing experiences and elated peaks, making the reader develop sympathy and empathy for her. Bronte sets out her story using a first person narrative of Jane speaking through a retrospective voice. The first person narrative enables us to connect with Jane and understand all the elements of Jane’s character whilst looking back from her fears of childhood to her love for the mysterious, sardonic Mr Rochester. Bronte opens her novel ‘Jane Eyre’ and already you can identify the realistic element. Bronte uses three categories that base around ‘Jane Eyre’; Realistic, gothic and romantic to show all the different sides of Jane’s journey and to encourage us to feel connected to Jane. When reading chapter one and two of Bronte’s novel we begin to understand Jane’s position in the Reeds family life style. Although family (Mrs. Reed being Jane’s aunt) she is regarded as an animal not one of them. Aunt Reed (and her children) has been told to look after Jane by her husband before he died although Mrs. Reed doesn’t keep this wish entirely fulfilled and excludes Jane from their family. Jane however seems to understand Mrs. Reed’s actions and thinks of it as a normal situation â€Å"the consciousness of my physical inferiority† Bronte begins by exploring the realistic element of Jane’s life. Bronte creates an atmosphere and vivid setting detailed and precisely delivered through Jane’s first person narrative voice. Jane shares with us a retrospective view on her past occasionally bringing us back into reality by using Jane’s older narrative voice. Bronte includes direct speech this also creates the realistic atmosphere that Jane is only aware she is surrounded in. Jane tells us of how she use to enjoy reading books and how for them moments she was happy in her own way. As she tells us in a realistic view a happy atmosphere is produced. We begin to feel connected emotionally to this little girl who goes on with being abused by her family as we are about to find out. John Reed enters, tearing down the happy atmosphere and replacing it with a cold and aggressive surrounding. â€Å"Boh! Madame Mope! Jane expresses to the reader just how much she feared her cousin, John Reed as a child â€Å"every nerve in my body feared him† As Charlotte Bronte builds up the suspension we begin to see the next category, gothic. John Reed is described by Jane Eyre as â€Å"not quick either of vision or conception† She is furious with him, how can he behave so ignorant and still be â€Å"my little darling† as Mrs Reed called him. Jane sets a clear image of her cousin in a gross manner, going into deep description of John Reed. Jane is constantly abused by John Reed which usually she endured. He bullied and punished me† John intentionally hurts Jane on this particular day by pre planning to hurtle a book towards her however Jane gets blamed as always due to her burst of passionate behaviour â€Å"wicked cruel boy† She yelled. For this she is punished by being sent to the ghostly red room. Bronte very cleverly used the colour red to associate with this horrible room where she gets locked away when she’s naughty. Using the term ‘red room’ makes us think of all the things linked to the colour red for example danger. Chapter one ends on a cliff hanger making us even more eager to carry on to chapter two. Jane is thrown into the red room on an unfair sentence and although she is a part of their family she is still thought as inferior. â€Å"You are less than a servant† abbot the maid tells Jane. The red room is â€Å"the largest and stateliest chambers† which makes it all the scarier for Jane. Her surroundings are all very dark and red. She describes the bed with massive mahogany pillars supporting it, red draped curtains and a vibrant white bed cover. The bed â€Å"stood out like a tabernacle† this makes Jane and the reader at once feel like Jane is the victim that is going to be sacrificed. Bronte uses a repetitive description of the atmosphere of the red room. â€Å"This room was chill, because it seldom had a fire; it was silent, because remote from the nursery and kitchen; solemn, because it was known to be seldom entered† this makes it more tense and thrilling. Her uncle – Mr Reed – died in this room that makes it so much more cold and scary as Jane thinks his ghost may come down to fetch her. Jane is a tiny object standing in the middle of a cold dark room with high wardrobes and drawers. However Jane is still not scared yet, she is angry. Her passionate side overruling her innocent side, Jane is resentful towards her cousins. However as her surroundings break through and she begins to feel scared se starts to believe that she is a wicked cruel and passionate girl. A she is sitting down on the stool she sees a white light appear on the wall rising and finally settling above her head. From and older Jane’s point of view she explains how it was really a gardener carrying a light (the realistic element) however Jane at ten years old is a very superstitious scared girl â€Å"prepared as my mind was for horror†, so when she sees the light appear she believes it’s her uncle that has come back to haunt her and take her away. Even though beforehand Jane’s older narrative explained to us what really happened we can’t help but still feel as scared and sorry for this little girl. Although she does scream and help does come however with the worst possible outcome. â€Å"What is all this† Mrs Reed says peremptorily. Bronte used pathetic fallacy to describe Mrs Reed â€Å"her gown rustling stormily† which conveys an exaggerated image to show Mrs Reeds personality as a first impression. Mrs Reed does not believe the story Jane tells her about the ghost, and locks Jane in the Red Room for another hour, this creates sympathy for Jane as we discover Mrs Reed’s character and we are immediately turned against her and sympathising with Jane for her bad treatment. The romantic category input in chapters one and two, is the passionate angry side of Jane. She is constantly stated an outcast in Mrs Reeds and the rest of her company – â€Å"you are less than a servant†. This makes Jane a target for all unnecessarily harsh comments lowering her self confidence and replacing it with anger and passion to fight back, however little she may seem. Jane being mistreated and constantly named in different categories for example – ‘Mad cat’ and thought to have â€Å"virulent passions† this leads her own mind to start thinking that she is a cruel and passionate girl, making her act in that way. After along time of enduring John reeds harsh lashings she breaks out, and as soon as that happens we feel instantly happy for her. Although she is to blame as she starts furiously kicking back as John hits her. â€Å"Did you ever see such a picture of passion† Mrs Abbot cries as she has to hold Jane down due to her loud eruption. When the apothecary comes to see Jane as she is ill, he advises Mrs Reed to take her to a school, which she accepts and applies Jane at Lowood school. Mr Brocklehurst, who is master of the school, comes to see Jane. This is another character Bronte uses to intertwine with Jane’s life and makes us develop sympathy. Bronte uses descriptive writing to engage with Jane’s feelings as a little girl. She describes him as a pillar with harsh features, this immediately indicates that he is not a good acquaintance to Jane, before he has even spoke. Jane when entering the room where Mr. Brocklehurst is talking to Mrs Reed is immediately interrogated; he already is forcing a Christian belief on Jane, and questioning her of her knowledge of ‘good little girls’ Mr Brocklehurst after accounting Mrs Reed claims that Jane has a ‘wicked heart. ’ Mrs Reed ruins all hope for Jane before she even sets out to Lowood, this makes us slightly scared about what she will face at Lowood. When Jane was due to leave for Lowood, she did. It is winter when she leaves and still dark, this builds up the tension about what will face her at Lowood, however we are pleased for her to leave Gateshead. Jane arrives at Lowood late in the night and is met by Miss Temple. Miss Temple is affectionate towards – touching her cheek, considering Bronte is using a retrospective technique it shows how much Jane remembers that first sign of affection. The following morning during lessons, Mr Brocklehurst visits to scrutinize the girls. Jane is trying her best to make her completely invisible, but however she displaces her chalk board and making a loud noise she is no longer invisible, â€Å"a careless girl! † she is placed on a stool in front of the whole assemblage, â€Å"this girl is – a liar! † she feels humiliated as she is punished for no one to speak to her, this makes the reader feel sympathy as we feel Mr Brocklehurst has completely alienated Jane. However Jane is not completely alienated and befriends a girl, Helen Burns. Helen encourages Jane not to be so passionate and to accept and endure the punishment that is dealt to her. She teaches Jane valuable lessons, about how Jane must change her passionate nature and replace it with a peaceful mind. She tells Jane about God and Jane is intrigued by Helens dignity. We are glad for Jane as she finds company and as well as Helen she has Miss Temple who acts like a mother figure to them both. â€Å"I would not now have exchanged Lowood with all its privations, for Gateshead and its daily luxuries† this shows how she Jane is happy at Lowood and we feel a sense of relief for her. However as her happiness grows, an outbreak of sickness (typhus) falls upon Lowood infecting a majority of the girls. Helen is taken ill; Jane is very distressed during the vacation of her friend. Time passes and after weeks of not seeing Helen, Jane is desperate to see her. Placing her dress over her night clothes she sets out to find Helen. Helen is in Miss Temples room, as being the most serious case. Jane creeps in and stands by Helens sick-crib. When Jane awakens Helen she seems placid and not in pain, and very happy to see Jane. Helen talks of her last home and how Jane must bid her goodbye; the reader at this moment is feeling sympathy for Jane as she lies by her friend, tension build as they talk peacefully. She seems dearer to me than ever† this expresses how Jane nurtures Helen at this point and can feel her becoming vulnerable in front of her. They are very affectionate towards each other which show how their relationship has developed. After talking of Helens future to God, Jane nestles beside Helen and they fall asleep. Jane awakes to find herself being carried by someone away from Helen as she is set down into her own dormitory she realises â€Å"I was asleep and Helen was – dead. † The short pause between was and dead emphasises the mood of Jane as she remembers this, still hurt by her friend dying there in her arms. We feel overwhelming sympathy for Jane at this moment as she has lost her first friend. However Jane still remembers what Helen taught her; to be humble, patient, forgiving and to hide her temper. We can see these teachings later throughout the novel. After Helen dies, there is a time gap of eight years. This shows how much Helens death has affected Jane – â€Å"I now pass a space of eight years in silence† the silence emphasises her grieving process towards her friend. Jane is now eighteen and is still at Lowood, however has moved on and has become a teacher. She is still very close with Miss Temple however; after miss temple leaves to get married she becomes lonely and decided to apply for a job as a governess. She eventually gets a reply asking her to teach a little French girl, called Adele. She sets of to Thornfield which is where her placement as a governess is. When she arrives at Thornfield she is met by Miss Fairfax (the house keeper) and the following morning meets Adele. Mrs Fairfax gives her a tour of Thornfield and whilst looking around hears an odd laugh that’s mirthless and preternatural, she asks Miss Fairfax what the noise is and she simply Sais it is Grace Poole a servant. However as time passes in Thornfield she continues to here the eccentric cackle. October, November and December passed, she decided on one particular day to go for a walk and send a letter for Mrs Fairfax. Bronte uses techniques such as pathetic fallacy to build up tension, â€Å"the ground was hard, the air was still, my road was lonely† the way Bronte uses theses three short statements creates the whole atmosphere surrounding Jane and emphasises the statements more. The path she is walking on is completely desolate, all the wildlife has stopped still over winter, so as she walks alone through the soundless path we begin to feel tension. She sits down for a while whilst she collects herself, there is a sheet of ice covering the causeway and she describes her view of the sun balancing in front of the sky. She suddenly hears a horse making its way towards the causeway where she sits. Her retrospective voice enters the gothic situation â€Å"in those days I was young, and all sorts of fancies bright and dark tenated my mind† she has certain recalls of her childhood, which shows how much impact the Reed family had on her. She continues to hear the horse and hear rustlings near the path before a huge dog is in sight and passes Jane; behind it is a horse with a rider on its back. As Jane is leaving the horse and rider slip on the ice, she turns to them and walks over. The traveller is not a pleasant man as Jane find out and declares that Jane is a witch. However Jane continues to help him ignoring the rude temperament of the traveller. She tells the reader how if he’d been a handsome young man she would of never had dared to stand questioning him against his own will. Although the traveller is past youth and is not handsome, this usually puts Jane at ease. This indicates how Jane is used to bad tempered people and prefers being around them she has only known people with that nature. After they have conversation about Jane’s position and where she comes from, he mounts his house and rides away. When she walks on she questions her acquaintance with the mysterious traveller, â€Å"it was an incident of no moment, no romance, no interest in sense; yet it marked with change one single hour of a monotonous life† she feels excited by the stranger and likes how it has changed her feelings of her ‘monotonous life. ’ After her walks event she doesn’t want to re-enter Thornfield, this shows how much the little conversation changed her usual quite life. When she does enter Thornfield she is astonished to find the same dog from the causeway in the kitchen, she realises that the traveller was in fact Mr Rochester. Mr Rochester and Jane develop a good relationship over time, he often calls for her as company and they go on walks together around the building. One night Jane hears the strange devious laugh outside her door, she opens her door expecting pilot however there is no one there. This builds up tension as we wonder what will happen next. She sees a chain of smoke coming from Mr Rochester’s room and runs there quickly; Jane acts quickly and after pouring water over the fire and Mr Rochester, he awakens. â€Å"I knew you would do me good in some way, at some time; I saw it in your eyes when I first beheld you† Mr Rochester starts to show first signs of affection towards Jane. She recalls how he touched her hand and how she felt so overwhelmed, it is at that moment where we can begin to see the start of her love for Mr Rochester. We as the reader are so pleased for Jane at this moment however like always she is interrupted. When going down to breakfast the following morning she is told that Mr Rochester has left to visit Blanche Ingram – who he is looking to be his wife. However Mr Rochester does return, but with company. Blanche Ingram and others come to stay at Thornfield Hall; there are parties and entertainment most nights which Jane must attend to look after Adele. We feel immediate sympathy for Jane as she is constantly judged by the guests making her feel that her love for Mr Rochester is totally irrelevant and ridiculous as she is in a whole other class, however she is still forced upon seeing Mr Rochester and Blanche together. As time passes and Mr Rochester’s guest are still accommodated at Thornfield a strange guest arrives, on arrival Mr Rochester is already very concerned and in distress at his appearance. During the night Mr Rochester comes to Jane’s door and requests that she come and nurse for Mason who has after gone to bed has been bitten and attacked by to Jane some sort of monster. â€Å"She sucked the blood: she said she’d drain my heart,† Jane has to sit and nurse Mason on her own whilst Mr Rochester goes out in search for a doctor. I think this shows Jane’s courage to sit through with someone who has been attacked by a ‘monster’ in the next room. Mr Mason leaves the following morning, early; parties carry on as before at Thornfield. Jane receives a letter from Bessie to ask her to come back to see Mrs Reed as she has called for her as she is very ill. After Mr Rochester’s approval, Jane takes a carriage and arrives at Gateshead to see her Aunt. She talks to Mrs Reed who explains to her why she has hated Jane so much, Jane endures this and stays calm pushing down her passionate nature. A month passes – when Mrs Reed dies. Jane returns to Thornfield expecting her time there short due to the marriage of Mr Rochester and Blanche Ingram however she witnesses no meetings of the two, and notices how Mr Rochester calls for Jane often to accompany him. â€Å"never had I loved him so well† Jane is still in love with Mr Rochester but thinks that he does not love her back we feel sympathy for Jane here as she sits back and lets the ‘marriage’ continue, regardless of her love for Mr Rochester. One evening Jane takes a walk around Thornfield, Bronte once again uses pathetic fallacy to reflect Jane’s mood. Jane is admiring the garden when Mr Rochester’s comes out and joins her. Jane is not totally secure with being with Mr Rochester so soon near the date of his wedding. Mr Rochester is constantly testing Jane trying to see if he loves her back as we find out later on. Jane wishes to leave Thornfield when Blanche and Mr Rochester are married, so he tells Jane how he has found a place for her in Ireland. When he asks her why she rejects the offer she says unwillingly â€Å"from you, sir† this is the small outbreak where Jane expresses her feeling to Mr Rochester. We begin to feel tension again as Bronte builds up to Jane’s main outburst. Jane tells Mr Rochester how much she loves Thornfield – how she is not â€Å"buried with inferior minds† Mr Rochester has treated her like anyone else. Bronte uses rhetorical questions in Jane’s speech to add impact to her burst of passion and how she has become more powerful in speaking her mind towards her master. As Jane becomes more and more powerful Mr Rochester starts to become more and more weak he lets out he asks her to come to his side as is wife. Jane accepts the proposal and is overjoyed with the arrangement; they are to get married as soon as possible. Bronte uses pathetic fallacy to add tension to the unknown future in front of them as that night there is a storm, a strong overpowering storm. The storm strikes the tree they were seated at in half, I think this is to emphasise their choice’s made to marry, and to reflect that something bad will happen. Jane stands as independent women towards Mr Rochester due to his difference in nature towards Jane after they agree to marry. He wants to dress her in rich dresses and race her to an image Jane is not comfortable with. Jane declares that she wants to be independent she will carry on working for Mr Rochester after they marry and the money he gives her will be the money she will use to buy herself the necessities. She wants to be totally equal with him, however she does agree for him to buy the wedding dress and veil. After buying the wedding dress and veil, Mr Rochester leaves on horse, whilst Mr Rochester is vacant Jane sees something in her sleep, she tells Mr Rochester that was someone was in her room.

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Literature review

The Effect the Outdoor Enviroment Has on Childrens Knowledge and Understanding of the World - Literature review Example Through exploration, they also understand how change comes about. They also learn to understand patterns, similarities, as well as differences and how things work the way they do (Ouvry, 2003). In understanding the world, designing and making are essential elements. By designing and making, they learn the construction process and tools involved, including the techniques which are needed in order to build or assemble something (Bilton, 2010). Understanding the world also includes the use of computer technology, learning how to use such technologies including the programmable toys which can support their learning process (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). In relation to time, it is a unit of measurement which helps children understand the world, their past, their present, and their future. Place is also an aspect of their understanding of the world as children become more aware of the natural world and their localities, their communities, and what they may like or dislike abou t their environment (Fairfield Children’s Centre, 2011). Through their communities, children get a larger understanding of the world, especially as they find out about their culture, and the culture of others. Through their interactions with communities, they also learn to understand the similarities and differences in culture, beliefs, traditions, as well as practices. These elements all contribute to the children’s understanding of the world. According to Ouvry (2003) children learn to understand the world as they start to explore it, and such explorations are often best left to the children, allowing them to make their own discoveries and develop their personal... This report focuses on the conditions of children's learning and growing. Children learn fast and effectively by doing, by using their hands and their senses to explore and understand their environment. Their progress and development in the future is based on innovation and creativeness. It is therefore crucial for children to be armed with significant and lifelong learning tools, as well as attitudes. In continuing to understand the world, it is important for children to be encouraged in their curiosity, to be assisted as they explore their ideas, and to be encouraged to try things out even if they may not work out well. The knowledge and understanding of the world is based on various elements. One of these elements relate to exploration and investigation This paper makes a conclusion that the above literature indicates the relationship between the outside world and the children’s learning. The studies highlight the importance of allowing children to interact with the outdoors as it helps them acquire skills, knowledge, behaviour, and attitudes which can they can use in better understanding the world. Through outdoor plays and environmental interactions, they are able to gain a better understanding of their classroom instructions, applying theoretical concepts to the real world and on real time. What results is an engaged, dynamic, and diverse learning atmosphere for children who are able to understand and appreciate the world outside their classrooms.

Drug use in college students Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Drug use in college students - Assignment Example There are many dependent variables out of which, level of drug use is explained here. Level of drug use can be described as usage level of illegal drugs by the students whether they are using the drugs by habit or as per social constraints (Riley, 2012). The level of drug use has many possible attributes such as intensity of consumption of drugs resulting in falling health, which also affects the studies of the student. Illegal drug usage by students is a thought provoking concern and should be dealt considerably by law enforcement officials in order to control the issue. The independent variables related to drug use in college students can be attachment, commitment and level of college involvement (Riley, 2012). Students studying in colleges form attachment with their close people and places such as parents, school and college mates. The independent variable of attachment has attributes such as level of affection, respect of the elders and deterrence to use drugs. Attachment with any person or place appears as a force stopping students to use illegal drugs (Riley, 2012). Commitment is another independent variable that has many attributes such as students’ reputation in the college, employment of students and religion that they follow. All these attributes affect the students in being committed to their set values due to which, they are restricted to the drug usage in colleges (Riley, 2012). By considering their commitments to various options available to students, they are hindered to make illegal drug usage that is beneficial for their career and health. The level of college involvement is an independent variable, which can be explained as being engaged in co-curricular activities such as games, club memberships, employment and fraternities and much more. These engagements hinder the college students to get indulged in drug usage considering

Communication in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication in Organizations - Essay Example Communications channels within an organization must successfully function so as to contribute positively on the development of the organization (Jhonson, n.d). In this article we try and focus on the effectiveness of communication networks in the presence of multiplicity of workforce in the organization. In organizations it often happens that authorities fail to ensure that subordinates tell each other what they wish or need to know, which leads to miscommunications and disruptions. Although authorities can give instructions for the formation of a smooth and clear pathway of communication, they cannot dictate anything on this issue. A well-run management can always influence the process of communication within the organization. They can act as complementary link to the communication chain and help in passing on of the information. John Connor says, "There is no more valuable asset in business life than the ability to express ones thoughts with clarity and precision." (Communicating w ithin the organization, n.d). With the inset of globalization, most of the organizations are looking forward to make a mark in the global market. To understand and meet the needs of the global market it is very important for an organization to incorporate and encourage diversity among the workforce. â€Å"A diverse collection of skills and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) allows a company to provide service to customers on a global basis† (Greenberg n.d). Diversity brings in the problem of communication due to different languages, cultures and ideas of the workforce. Communication is very important at the organizational level to maintain smooth functioning of the organization. The companies willing to prosper have to incorporate the policy of diversity in the employees and to maintain smooth functioning of the day-to-day

Barcelona Grid System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Barcelona Grid System - Essay Example The active trend socially and economically drew the city out of its walls and at the end of the thirteenth century another wall was built around the new settlements known as viles noves (new houses). Around the 14th century another stretch of walls began to be constructed. Architects such as Antoni Gaudi in the latter half of the 19th century planned extension of the city on a rigid grid system (History of Barcelona). The grid system occupies space in the form of artistic constructions and wide roads. While this raises the aesthetic feel it aggravates the requirement of modern constructions where space is at premium (Architecture). Today the city of Barcelona is fabulous and one of the costliest in the world to live in. It has beautiful buildings, a university, museum, wide roads, hotels, and golf courses. The city is a marvel and it beckons the world from its pristine Mediterranean shores.

Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation

Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation The Olympic Games in 2012 can â€Å"leave a legacy of accessible transport and facilities not just for disabled sportsmen and women, but for people with a disability in general.†[1] Phil Lane, British Paralympic Association Chief Executive Table of contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Evaluation 3.1. Legislation 3.1.1. DDA 1995 3.1.1.1. Meaning of Disability 3.1.1.2. Meaning of Discrimination 3.1.1.3. Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 3.1.1.4. Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles 3.1.1.5. Rail Vehicles 3.1.1.6. Public Transport Vehicles 3.1.1.7. Aircraft and Ships 3.1.1.8. DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation 3.1.1.9. Criticisms 3.2. Case Law 3.3. Stakeholder Commentary 3.4. Survey Results 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 5. Appendix â€Å"A† 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.  Introduction The Labour government under Tony Blair has set out an ambitious agenda for tackling disability discrimination across society. Part of this agenda has involved amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995)[2] in order to ensure that the lessons of the first ten years of the Act having been in force are taken into account. The DDA 1995 sets out, along with the regulations and orders made under the Act, the legislative framework the intention of which is to ensure that disabled people throughout the country have access to the same opportunities as the public at large. With London having been awarded the Olympic Games in 2012, the ability of this legislative framework to force through change, both on a functional level, and on a cultural one, will be put to the test. The purpose of this report is to examine and critically assess, within the context of transport in London and airline operators, whether or not this legislative framework is sufficient to meet the needs of disabled people coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. 2.  Methodology In order to assess the readiness of London to meet the needs of disabled travellers during the Olympic Games and beyond within the confines of a research paper it is necessary to clearly define the scope of the intended research. In this case, the scope of the investigation is limited to transport in London, which includes taxis, trains, public authority vehicles, buses, the underground, aircraft and, to a lesser degree, accessibility to the buildings from which those transport vehicles leave from and arrive to. In order for it to be concluded that London will be ready to meet the needs of disabled travellers by 2012, it will need to be shown, that the current legislative framework is sufficient; that where there are ambiguities within the legislation, the Courts have been willing to provide useful guidance to transport providers and disabled travellers generally; that the culture within the public transport industry has changed with managers and employees now aware of their obligations under the legislation; that there are adequate penalties in place to discourage those that fail to comply; and finally, that these previously mentioned factors will all work together to provide disabled travellers with a integrated means of getting around London by 2012. In order to investigate these matters, it was necessary to look in detail at the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995), how the Act has been amended over the past eleven years, and in particular by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (DDA 2005), the various regulations and orders made under the DDA 1995 pertaining to public transport, cases decided dealing with the DDA 1995 and various commentary available from both public transport service providers, disabled travellers and other stakeholders. A survey of both rail and airline employees was also undertaken in order to gauge the level of understanding of the provisions of what is a complicated and often misinterpreted piece of legislation. The results of that survey are set out in Appendix A and discussed within the body of this report. 3.  Evaluation 3.1  Legislation One of the main aims of this report is to establish whether or not the amendments made to the DDA 1995 by the DDA 2005 have assisted in making the DDA 1995 more accessible or whether it remains, as noted by Lord Justice Mummery, â€Å"without doubt an unusually complex piece of legislation which poses novel questions of interpretation.†[3] 3.1.1  DDA 1995 The primary piece of legislation dealing with discrimination against disabled people using public transport is the DDA 1995 which has been amended by the DDA 2005. The DDA 2005 received royal assent on the 7th April 2005. Its main purpose was to give effect to the submissions made by various groups relating to the operation of the DDA 1995 over the preceding ten years by providing for certain important amendments in relation to that legislation. The DDA 2005 makes several substantial amendments to the DDA 1995. Those that apply to public transport are set out in Sections 5 to 9. Section 5 inserts a new Section 21ZA into the DDA 1995 and replaces the existing exclusion of transport services from Sections 19 to 21 of the DDA 1995 with a more precise exclusion which relates to only those transport services which consist of vehicle provision and use. Section 21ZA(1)(b) excludes discrimination which relates to a service provided, or not provided, while a disabled person is travelling in a vehicle. Section 21ZA(2) excludes from the duty to provide adjustments, transport services involving providing or using a vehicle. Sections 21ZA(1) and (2) can be disapplied through regulations made by the Secretary of State under Section 21ZA(3).[4] Section 6 of the DDA 2005 clarifies the timeframe for the bringing into force regulations dealing with all rail vehicles and the duty requiring rail operators to have in place measures allowing for disabled people to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without unreasonable difficulty and to be carried in regulated rail vehicles in safety and reasonable comfort. The Secretary of State is now required, under the new Section 46(4A) to ensure that all rail vehicles are regulated under the rail vehicles accessibility regulations by 1st January 2020. Section 6 also removes from the definition of â€Å"rail vehicle† the exemption relating to vehicles first brought into use after 31st December 1998. This means that there is now no start date and the Secretary of State is able to make regulations which apply to all rail vehicles and for instance, make regulations which apply to rail vehicles first brought into service before 1998 and which are for example refurbished. This closes a potential loop-hole in the legislation and allows the Secretary of State to meet the deadline imposed by 46(6A).[5] Section 6(3) clarifies the Secretary of State’s powers to make exemption orders relating to regulated rail vehicles by specifically allowing the making of exemption orders which relate to the operational as well as the construction elements of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations. Section 6(4) clarifies the procedure to be followed by the Secretary of State when exercising their discretion under Section 67(5A) of the DDA 1995. This procedure applies to the making of exemption orders and requires the Secretary of State to consult the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee, and any other bodies that may be appropriate, and furthermore, for such regulations to be subject to the draft affirmative procedure which allows for greater parliamentary scrutiny. In the same vein of providing closer scrutiny over the making of exemption orders, Section 6(5) of the DDA 2005 inserts a new section (67B) which requires an annual report to be produced by the Secretary of State deta iling the exemption orders which have been made and containing details of the consultation process undertaken.[6] Section 7 of the DDA 2005 deals with the new concept of rail accessibility compliance certificates and allows for the Secretary of State to make regulations appointing independent assessors responsible for granting and enforcing the certificates, setting out the mechanisms for the charging of fees and dispute resolution. The intention of the certification scheme is to ultimately prohibit regulated rail vehicles operating without a valid compliance certificate. These certificates will also provide a degree of flexibility with Section 47A(4) allowing the certificates to be subject to conditions.[7] Section 8 of the DDA 2005 replaces the criminal sanctions set out in the DDA 1995 for a breach of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations with a civil regime allowing the levying of penalties should an improvement notice and final notice issued by the Secretary of State not be complied with. It also provides the Secretary of State with new powers of inspection in cases in which it is suspected that a regulated rail vehicle fails to conform to the provisions of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations (Sections 47E and 47F). New sections 47D to 47L deal with the imposition of penalties on train operators. Section 47D to 47H deal with the amount, due date and recovery of penalties imposed under the Act. Most importantly, any penalty imposed cannot exceed 10% of the operator’s â€Å"turnover†. Section 47K sets out the procedure to be followed and the operator’s right to object. If the operator is not satisfied with the penalty imposed by the Secretary of State, they have the right to appeal to a Court, whether or not they have lodged an appeal with the Secretary of State, but only on the grounds that either the penalty should not apply to them or that the level of the penalty is too high.[8] Section 9 allows for the recognition in England and Wales of disabled persons’ parking badges issued in foreign jurisdictions. This then allows for reciprocal recognition of UK badges in other EU countries.[9] 3.1.1.1  Meaning of Disability The DDA 1995 defines a â€Å"disabled person† as someone who has a disability.[10] A person has a disability if they have, â€Å"†¦a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.†[11] This is further clarified in Schedule 1 of the DDA 1995. A mental impairment is not exhaustively defined but it originally only included mental illnesses in cases in which that illness is clinically well-recognised.[12] This constraint has now been removed by Section 18(2) of the DDA 2005. In addition, the DDA 2005 by way of Section 18(3) deems those suffering from HIV, Cancer or MS to be disabled before the symptoms set out in Section 1, or paragraph 8 of Schedule 1, have been experienced by them.[13] An impairment is held to be long-term if a person has had it for at least twelve months, it is expected to last for at least twelve months or it is likely to affect the person for the rest of their life.[14] 3.1.1.2  Meaning of Discrimination Section 3A(1) of the DDA 1995 states that a disabled person is discriminated against if, for a reason relating to a disabled person’s disability, a person treats a disabled person less favourably than they would someone without a disability and the person alleged to be discriminating against the disabled person cannot show that it is justified to treat them in this way. In order for the treatment referred to above to be justified, it must be both substantial and material to the particular cases’ circumstances.[15] However, if the treatment amounts to direct discrimination, it cannot be justified.[16] Similarly, if the person was required to make reasonable adjustments to cater for disabled people and has not done so, they will not be able to rely on a defence of the treatment being justified unless even if he had complied with the duty it would have been justified.[17] More relevantly to the issue of public transport, a person is also held to have discriminated against a disabled person if when a duty to make reasonable adjustments in relation to disabled people is imposed on them, they fail to comply with that duty.[18] 3.1.1.3  Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 The DDA 2005 introduced the concept of a â€Å"positive duty† for public authorities which makes it unlawful for them to, in the course of carrying out its functions, to discriminate against disabled people.[19] A similar â€Å"positive duty† has not been included with respect to private companies and employers. 3.1.1.4  Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles The DDA 1995 allows the Secretary of State to make regulations to ensure that it is possible for disabled persons; â€Å"to get into and out of taxis in safety,† and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort;† and for disabled persons in wheelchairs; â€Å"to be conveyed in safety into and out of taxis while remaining in their wheelchairs,† and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort while remaining in their wheelchairs.† It is proposed that regulations are introduced in respect of all new Taxis by 2010 and all Taxis by 2020.[20] One notable exception is that private hire vehicles are not provided for under the DDA 1995 however, this is not an exception that is likely to remain for long with both the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Group and the Disability Rights Commission looking into the matter.[21] 3.1.1.5  Rail Vehicles A â€Å"rail vehicle† as amended by the DDA 2005 is a vehicle, â€Å"constructed or adapted to carry passengers on any railway, tramway or prescribed system.†[22] The DDA 1995 provides the Secretary of State with the power to make â€Å"rail vehicle accessibility regulations.†[23] These regulations, made in 1998 and amended in 2000, cover several important areas. They allow the Secretary of State to require, by way of these regulations, transport operators to provide means for disabled persons to be able to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without difficulty and to be able to travel in those vehicles in safety and comfort. They also cover such matters as, â€Å"wheelchair accessibility, the design of on-board accessible toilets, the size and location of handrails, handholds and control devices as well as the provision of audible warnings and other equipment.†[24] The DDA 1995 also allows the Secretary of State to make an exception in relation to a case in which a rail vehicle operator is unable to meet the requirements and makes an application for exemption. An example of such an exemption relating to London is the one granted to Gatwick Express (The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 458) Exemption Order 2006). This Order exempts Gatwick Express from some of the requirements of the regulations until April 2011.[25] However, without doubt, the main hurdle that the government needs to overcome to ensure that the Olympic Games in 2012 are an inclusive event is the issue of accessibility to the London Underground. Transport for London currently lists as accessible by means other than stairs or escalators, only 40 of its 275 underground stations.[26] The pace of improvements taking place also fails to fill one with confidence. Over the next five years there will be an additional 27 step-free stations. The intention is then for 25% to be step-free by 2010 and 50% by 2015.[27] As the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DPTAC) correctly point out, if these figures are to be accepted, less than half of London’s Underground stations will be accessible by way of stair-free means by the time of the Olympics in 2012 and this is a situation that they find unacceptable.[28] While being the main means of transport for many spectators who will arrive in London at the time of the Olympic Games, the Tube is also perhaps the most culturally significant icon that London possesses and it will reflect poorly on the country as a whole if accessibility to London Underground stations has not been addressed in a productive manner before 2012. 3.1.1.6  Public Transport Vehicles The regulations applying to public transport vehicles are set out in the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000. These regulations provide standards which are to be met and apply to â€Å"all new public service vehicles (buses or coaches) introduced since 31st December 2000 with a capacity exceeding 22 passengers used to provide a local of scheduled service.†[29] They also set out deadlines for the meeting of the standards. For instance, wheel chair users must be able to access all small buses by the 1st January 2015, large single deck buses by the 1st January 2016 and double deck buses by the 1st January 2017.[30] At present the accessibility by wheelchair users of buses nationwide stands at approximately 30%.[31] However, the DPTAC note that with respect to London’s buses, accessibility for wheelchair users is close to 100%.[32] The main concern with respect to buses in the capital is not in relation to compliance with the required modifications, but rather with the failure of some drivers to use the modifications available to assist their disabled passengers.[33] It should be noted that the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000 do provide for a driver refusing to assist a disabled person in cases in which doing so would â€Å"adversely affect his health or safety, your safety or that of other passengers or the safety of the vehicle.† [34] However, it should be stressed to all drivers that this exemption should only be relied upon in specific circumstances with clear examples being provided. Finally, the DPTAC also suggest the greater availability of audible and visual information systems and this is an area that Transport for London is considering as an improvement for all their customers, not only those that are disabled.[35] 3.1.1.7  Aircraft and Ships One of the main criticisms of the DDA 1995 is that it fails to specifically address the duties of ship and airline operators. While ports and airports will still need to comply with the requirements of the legislation, the DDA 1995 fails to provide in respect of ships and aircraft the same regulatory making powers that it provides with respect to taxis, rail and public transport vehicles. Ships and aircraft come under European laws dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, however it is still argued that for disability discrimination legislation to be effective, it must apply to all public transport vehicles that operate within the UK. This gap in the legislation is seem as a major hurdle to ensuring that there is consistency across all types of public transport coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. The DPTAC endorses this view and notes that â€Å"aircraft and ships will be the first and last Olympic travel experience that most overseas participants and audiences will experience, and we believe that the Government should do all it can to ensure that that experience is a positive one.†[36] They also emphasise that aviation and shipping are currently covered by voluntary codes but that the government has made it clear that should these codes fail, they would be prepared to remove the exemption from Part 3 of the DDA 1995 that currently applies to them.[37] As Karen Buck, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport sets out in her response to Tony Manwaring, CEO of Scope, the government is carrying out benchmarking tests in association with DPTAC the results of which were hoped to be available in early 2006. These exercises would then help determine whether or not it was necessary to lift the DDA 1995 Part 3 exemption currently granted to airline and shipping trans port providers.[38] 3.1.1.9  DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation One of the most important differences between the DDA and other anti-discrimination legislation is that the DDA only applies to people who meet the criteria set out for being disabled. The Disability Rights Commission estimates that approximately ten million people have rights under the DDA 1995.[39] In contrast, other anti-discrimination legislation is much more pervasive in its application and applies to all members of society as long as they can show that the type of discrimination they are alleged to have suffered occurred. Another important difference is that the DDA takes into account the fact that the aim of assisting people with a disability is not to ensure that they receive equal treatment but rather, treatment which is appropriate to their circumstances. As such, the DDA does not aim to restrict the ability of those dealing with disabled people to positively discriminate in their favour, rather accepting that where appropriate, disabled people need to be treated differently.[40] Under other anti-discrimination legislation, discrimination can never be justified. 3.1.1.9  Criticisms Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, notes that, â€Å"one of the weaknesses of the DDA has been that the service provision elements have been brought in over a lengthy period of time and some disabled people have had to wait for their needs to be met. There are some areas that are unsatisfactory, transport is still not covered, except for design features†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [41] The focus of the DDA 1995 is to put the duty to change on the public transport operators. This focus is sometimes referred to as being â€Å"solution-oriented†.[42] A solution-oriented approach to disability discrimination is a positive and extremely powerful tool in combating discrimination. However, this approach can only genuinely apply to those with physical disabilities and this has lead some commentators to suggest that the DDA 1995 is in fact discriminatory in itself as it places much more emphasis on those with physical disabilities as opposed to those suffering from mental disabilities. This however could be said to simply reflect the relative ease of making adjustments for those with physical disabilities, compared to making adjustments for those suffering from mental illnesses. People suffering from mental illnesses create a much more difficult problem for public transport providers to solve. There are no simple physical modifications that can be made to cater for people suffering from mental illnesses. This is further exacerbated by fact that it is often clear when someone is suffering from a physical impairment and staff can be trained to respond to their needs quickly and effectively. It is a lot more difficult to gauge whether or not someone is suffering from a mental illness, how best to assist them and whether or not they may pose a danger to staff and/or other members of the public. A frightening prospect is that the legislation as it currently stands could allow public transport companies to segregate those with disabilities from the rest of the travelling public. While this is already done to some extent, eg spaces for people needing wheelchair access; it is only a short distance from an ID card which lists a person’s disability, to a separate carriage for those with disabilities. The unfortunate aspect of this is that it would no doubt be argued that this solution provides the best means of catering for the individual needs of disabled people. 3.2  Case Law One of the leading cases decided under the DDA 1995 was Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold).[43] This was an appeal from the Employment Appeal Tribunal and was the first appeal decided by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) under the DDA 1995. While that case dealt with employment law, Lord Justice Mummery’s comments about the DDA 1995 and its relationship to other anti-discrimination legislation is still of importance to the area of public transport. Lord Justice Mummery stated, â€Å"Contrary to what might be reasonably assumed, the exercise of interpretation is not facilitated by familiarity with the pre-existing legislation prohibiting discrimination in the field of employment (and elsewhere) on the grounds of sex (Sex Discrimination Act 1975) and race (Race Discrimination Act 1976). Indeed, it may be positively misleading to approach the 1995 Act with assumptions and concepts familiar from experience of the workings of the 1975 Act and the 1976 Act. Unlike the earlier discrimination Acts the 1995 Act does not draw the crucial distinction between direct and indirect discrimination on specified grounds; it provides a defence of justification to less favourable treatment which would constitute direct discrimination and be without such a defence under the earlier Acts; and it does not replicate the express requirement of the 1975 Act (section 5(3)) and the 1976 Act (section 3(4)) that, when a comparison of the cases of persons of different sex or persons of different racial groups falls to be made, the comparison must be such that the relevant circumstances in the one case are the same, or not materially different, in the other. One consequence of these differences is that the terms discriminate and discrimination are not used in Part II of the 1995 Act in the same sense as in the earlier Acts. Failure to discern and observe this difference in meaning in decision making (and in commentaries on both the 1995 Act and on decisions under it) can lead to serious conceptual confusion.† The key question that Lord Justice Mummery concluded as being fundamental to whether or not a disabled person had been discriminated against was, â€Å"is the treatment related to a complainant’s disability?†[44] Andy Rickell, director of the British Council of Disable People has stated, in respect of the case law arising from the DDA 1995, â€Å"Barristers are, and have been, running a coach and horses through disabled people’s rights.†[45] Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, concurred with Rickell’s sentiments but added; â€Å"It’s like any new piece of legislation, barristers will find loopholes because there’s no case law so there’s nothing to test against. I think what happened in the beginning was that a lot of disabled people, in employment tribunals particularily, conducted their own case, and fell at the first hurdle which was proving that they were a disabled person. Any good barrister will make their case. The definition of â€Å"disability† is one of the things that’s currently being reviewed so that tribunals and courts have a better understanding of it. In any case, it is important for disabled people to get access to legal representation when taking a case.†[46] A case more relevant to transport was Roads v Central Trains.[47] This case involved a disabled resident of Norwich who relied on her electric wheelchair for mobility who brought a claim against Central Trains. The facts of the case revolved around the claimant not being able to access platform 1 at the station. The only means of accessing the platform from the side he was on was to either cross the footbridge or travel half a mile down the road where he could pass under the track and return on the other side. As both of these alternatives were not reasonable, the train company suggested the claimant, at no extra cost, take the train to a further station which was equipped with disabled access facilities, adding approximately one hour to the journey time. The claimant suggested that this was not reasonable and that the defendant company should have paid for a specially adapted taxi to drive him around to the other side. In the first instance, the Judge held that as the nearest specia lly adapted taxi was based in Norwich which was some way from Thetford where the station was located, it was unreas