Thursday, October 31, 2019
Communication in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Communication in Organizations - Essay Example Communications channels within an organization must successfully function so as to contribute positively on the development of the organization (Jhonson, n.d). In this article we try and focus on the effectiveness of communication networks in the presence of multiplicity of workforce in the organization. In organizations it often happens that authorities fail to ensure that subordinates tell each other what they wish or need to know, which leads to miscommunications and disruptions. Although authorities can give instructions for the formation of a smooth and clear pathway of communication, they cannot dictate anything on this issue. A well-run management can always influence the process of communication within the organization. They can act as complementary link to the communication chain and help in passing on of the information. John Connor says, "There is no more valuable asset in business life than the ability to express ones thoughts with clarity and precision." (Communicating w ithin the organization, n.d). With the inset of globalization, most of the organizations are looking forward to make a mark in the global market. To understand and meet the needs of the global market it is very important for an organization to incorporate and encourage diversity among the workforce. â€Å"A diverse collection of skills and experiences (e.g. languages, cultural understanding) allows a company to provide service to customers on a global basis†(Greenberg n.d). Diversity brings in the problem of communication due to different languages, cultures and ideas of the workforce. Communication is very important at the organizational level to maintain smooth functioning of the organization. The companies willing to prosper have to incorporate the policy of diversity in the employees and to maintain smooth functioning of the day-to-day
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Barcelona Grid System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Barcelona Grid System - Essay Example The active trend socially and economically drew the city out of its walls and at the end of the thirteenth century another wall was built around the new settlements known as viles noves (new houses). Around the 14th century another stretch of walls began to be constructed. Architects such as Antoni Gaudi in the latter half of the 19th century planned extension of the city on a rigid grid system (History of Barcelona). The grid system occupies space in the form of artistic constructions and wide roads. While this raises the aesthetic feel it aggravates the requirement of modern constructions where space is at premium (Architecture). Today the city of Barcelona is fabulous and one of the costliest in the world to live in. It has beautiful buildings, a university, museum, wide roads, hotels, and golf courses. The city is a marvel and it beckons the world from its pristine Mediterranean shores.
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation
Effect of the 2012 Olympic Games on Disabled Transportation The Olympic Games in 2012 can â€Å"leave a legacy of accessible transport and facilities not just for disabled sportsmen and women, but for people with a disability in general.†[1] Phil Lane, British Paralympic Association Chief Executive Table of contents (Jump to) 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Evaluation 3.1. Legislation 3.1.1. DDA 1995 3.1.1.1. Meaning of Disability 3.1.1.2. Meaning of Discrimination 3.1.1.3. Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 3.1.1.4. Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles 3.1.1.5. Rail Vehicles 3.1.1.6. Public Transport Vehicles 3.1.1.7. Aircraft and Ships 3.1.1.8. DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation 3.1.1.9. Criticisms 3.2. Case Law 3.3. Stakeholder Commentary 3.4. Survey Results 4. Recommendations 5. Conclusion 5. Appendix â€Å"A†6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Introduction The Labour government under Tony Blair has set out an ambitious agenda for tackling disability discrimination across society. Part of this agenda has involved amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995)[2] in order to ensure that the lessons of the first ten years of the Act having been in force are taken into account. The DDA 1995 sets out, along with the regulations and orders made under the Act, the legislative framework the intention of which is to ensure that disabled people throughout the country have access to the same opportunities as the public at large. With London having been awarded the Olympic Games in 2012, the ability of this legislative framework to force through change, both on a functional level, and on a cultural one, will be put to the test. The purpose of this report is to examine and critically assess, within the context of transport in London and airline operators, whether or not this legislative framework is sufficient to meet the needs of disabled people coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. 2. Methodology In order to assess the readiness of London to meet the needs of disabled travellers during the Olympic Games and beyond within the confines of a research paper it is necessary to clearly define the scope of the intended research. In this case, the scope of the investigation is limited to transport in London, which includes taxis, trains, public authority vehicles, buses, the underground, aircraft and, to a lesser degree, accessibility to the buildings from which those transport vehicles leave from and arrive to. In order for it to be concluded that London will be ready to meet the needs of disabled travellers by 2012, it will need to be shown, that the current legislative framework is sufficient; that where there are ambiguities within the legislation, the Courts have been willing to provide useful guidance to transport providers and disabled travellers generally; that the culture within the public transport industry has changed with managers and employees now aware of their obligations under the legislation; that there are adequate penalties in place to discourage those that fail to comply; and finally, that these previously mentioned factors will all work together to provide disabled travellers with a integrated means of getting around London by 2012. In order to investigate these matters, it was necessary to look in detail at the provisions of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (DDA 1995), how the Act has been amended over the past eleven years, and in particular by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005 (DDA 2005), the various regulations and orders made under the DDA 1995 pertaining to public transport, cases decided dealing with the DDA 1995 and various commentary available from both public transport service providers, disabled travellers and other stakeholders. A survey of both rail and airline employees was also undertaken in order to gauge the level of understanding of the provisions of what is a complicated and often misinterpreted piece of legislation. The results of that survey are set out in Appendix A and discussed within the body of this report. 3. Evaluation 3.1 Legislation One of the main aims of this report is to establish whether or not the amendments made to the DDA 1995 by the DDA 2005 have assisted in making the DDA 1995 more accessible or whether it remains, as noted by Lord Justice Mummery, â€Å"without doubt an unusually complex piece of legislation which poses novel questions of interpretation.†[3] 3.1.1 DDA 1995 The primary piece of legislation dealing with discrimination against disabled people using public transport is the DDA 1995 which has been amended by the DDA 2005. The DDA 2005 received royal assent on the 7th April 2005. Its main purpose was to give effect to the submissions made by various groups relating to the operation of the DDA 1995 over the preceding ten years by providing for certain important amendments in relation to that legislation. The DDA 2005 makes several substantial amendments to the DDA 1995. Those that apply to public transport are set out in Sections 5 to 9. Section 5 inserts a new Section 21ZA into the DDA 1995 and replaces the existing exclusion of transport services from Sections 19 to 21 of the DDA 1995 with a more precise exclusion which relates to only those transport services which consist of vehicle provision and use. Section 21ZA(1)(b) excludes discrimination which relates to a service provided, or not provided, while a disabled person is travelling in a vehicle. Section 21ZA(2) excludes from the duty to provide adjustments, transport services involving providing or using a vehicle. Sections 21ZA(1) and (2) can be disapplied through regulations made by the Secretary of State under Section 21ZA(3).[4] Section 6 of the DDA 2005 clarifies the timeframe for the bringing into force regulations dealing with all rail vehicles and the duty requiring rail operators to have in place measures allowing for disabled people to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without unreasonable difficulty and to be carried in regulated rail vehicles in safety and reasonable comfort. The Secretary of State is now required, under the new Section 46(4A) to ensure that all rail vehicles are regulated under the rail vehicles accessibility regulations by 1st January 2020. Section 6 also removes from the definition of â€Å"rail vehicle†the exemption relating to vehicles first brought into use after 31st December 1998. This means that there is now no start date and the Secretary of State is able to make regulations which apply to all rail vehicles and for instance, make regulations which apply to rail vehicles first brought into service before 1998 and which are for example refurbished. This closes a potential loop-hole in the legislation and allows the Secretary of State to meet the deadline imposed by 46(6A).[5] Section 6(3) clarifies the Secretary of State’s powers to make exemption orders relating to regulated rail vehicles by specifically allowing the making of exemption orders which relate to the operational as well as the construction elements of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations. Section 6(4) clarifies the procedure to be followed by the Secretary of State when exercising their discretion under Section 67(5A) of the DDA 1995. This procedure applies to the making of exemption orders and requires the Secretary of State to consult the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee, and any other bodies that may be appropriate, and furthermore, for such regulations to be subject to the draft affirmative procedure which allows for greater parliamentary scrutiny. In the same vein of providing closer scrutiny over the making of exemption orders, Section 6(5) of the DDA 2005 inserts a new section (67B) which requires an annual report to be produced by the Secretary of State deta iling the exemption orders which have been made and containing details of the consultation process undertaken.[6] Section 7 of the DDA 2005 deals with the new concept of rail accessibility compliance certificates and allows for the Secretary of State to make regulations appointing independent assessors responsible for granting and enforcing the certificates, setting out the mechanisms for the charging of fees and dispute resolution. The intention of the certification scheme is to ultimately prohibit regulated rail vehicles operating without a valid compliance certificate. These certificates will also provide a degree of flexibility with Section 47A(4) allowing the certificates to be subject to conditions.[7] Section 8 of the DDA 2005 replaces the criminal sanctions set out in the DDA 1995 for a breach of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations with a civil regime allowing the levying of penalties should an improvement notice and final notice issued by the Secretary of State not be complied with. It also provides the Secretary of State with new powers of inspection in cases in which it is suspected that a regulated rail vehicle fails to conform to the provisions of the rail vehicle accessibility regulations (Sections 47E and 47F). New sections 47D to 47L deal with the imposition of penalties on train operators. Section 47D to 47H deal with the amount, due date and recovery of penalties imposed under the Act. Most importantly, any penalty imposed cannot exceed 10% of the operator’s â€Å"turnover†. Section 47K sets out the procedure to be followed and the operator’s right to object. If the operator is not satisfied with the penalty imposed by the Secretary of State, they have the right to appeal to a Court, whether or not they have lodged an appeal with the Secretary of State, but only on the grounds that either the penalty should not apply to them or that the level of the penalty is too high.[8] Section 9 allows for the recognition in England and Wales of disabled persons’ parking badges issued in foreign jurisdictions. This then allows for reciprocal recognition of UK badges in other EU countries.[9] 3.1.1.1 Meaning of Disability The DDA 1995 defines a â€Å"disabled person†as someone who has a disability.[10] A person has a disability if they have, â€Å"†¦a physical or mental impairment which has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities.†[11] This is further clarified in Schedule 1 of the DDA 1995. A mental impairment is not exhaustively defined but it originally only included mental illnesses in cases in which that illness is clinically well-recognised.[12] This constraint has now been removed by Section 18(2) of the DDA 2005. In addition, the DDA 2005 by way of Section 18(3) deems those suffering from HIV, Cancer or MS to be disabled before the symptoms set out in Section 1, or paragraph 8 of Schedule 1, have been experienced by them.[13] An impairment is held to be long-term if a person has had it for at least twelve months, it is expected to last for at least twelve months or it is likely to affect the person for the rest of their life.[14] 3.1.1.2 Meaning of Discrimination Section 3A(1) of the DDA 1995 states that a disabled person is discriminated against if, for a reason relating to a disabled person’s disability, a person treats a disabled person less favourably than they would someone without a disability and the person alleged to be discriminating against the disabled person cannot show that it is justified to treat them in this way. In order for the treatment referred to above to be justified, it must be both substantial and material to the particular cases’ circumstances.[15] However, if the treatment amounts to direct discrimination, it cannot be justified.[16] Similarly, if the person was required to make reasonable adjustments to cater for disabled people and has not done so, they will not be able to rely on a defence of the treatment being justified unless even if he had complied with the duty it would have been justified.[17] More relevantly to the issue of public transport, a person is also held to have discriminated against a disabled person if when a duty to make reasonable adjustments in relation to disabled people is imposed on them, they fail to comply with that duty.[18] 3.1.1.3 Positive Duty under the DDA 2005 The DDA 2005 introduced the concept of a â€Å"positive duty†for public authorities which makes it unlawful for them to, in the course of carrying out its functions, to discriminate against disabled people.[19] A similar â€Å"positive duty†has not been included with respect to private companies and employers. 3.1.1.4 Taxis and Private Hire Vehicles The DDA 1995 allows the Secretary of State to make regulations to ensure that it is possible for disabled persons; â€Å"to get into and out of taxis in safety,†and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort;†and for disabled persons in wheelchairs; â€Å"to be conveyed in safety into and out of taxis while remaining in their wheelchairs,†and â€Å"to be carried in taxis in safety and in reasonable comfort while remaining in their wheelchairs.†It is proposed that regulations are introduced in respect of all new Taxis by 2010 and all Taxis by 2020.[20] One notable exception is that private hire vehicles are not provided for under the DDA 1995 however, this is not an exception that is likely to remain for long with both the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Group and the Disability Rights Commission looking into the matter.[21] 3.1.1.5 Rail Vehicles A â€Å"rail vehicle†as amended by the DDA 2005 is a vehicle, â€Å"constructed or adapted to carry passengers on any railway, tramway or prescribed system.†[22] The DDA 1995 provides the Secretary of State with the power to make â€Å"rail vehicle accessibility regulations.†[23] These regulations, made in 1998 and amended in 2000, cover several important areas. They allow the Secretary of State to require, by way of these regulations, transport operators to provide means for disabled persons to be able to get on and off regulated rail vehicles in safety and without difficulty and to be able to travel in those vehicles in safety and comfort. They also cover such matters as, â€Å"wheelchair accessibility, the design of on-board accessible toilets, the size and location of handrails, handholds and control devices as well as the provision of audible warnings and other equipment.†[24] The DDA 1995 also allows the Secretary of State to make an exception in relation to a case in which a rail vehicle operator is unable to meet the requirements and makes an application for exemption. An example of such an exemption relating to London is the one granted to Gatwick Express (The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Gatwick Express Class 458) Exemption Order 2006). This Order exempts Gatwick Express from some of the requirements of the regulations until April 2011.[25] However, without doubt, the main hurdle that the government needs to overcome to ensure that the Olympic Games in 2012 are an inclusive event is the issue of accessibility to the London Underground. Transport for London currently lists as accessible by means other than stairs or escalators, only 40 of its 275 underground stations.[26] The pace of improvements taking place also fails to fill one with confidence. Over the next five years there will be an additional 27 step-free stations. The intention is then for 25% to be step-free by 2010 and 50% by 2015.[27] As the Disabled Persons Transport Advisory Committee (DPTAC) correctly point out, if these figures are to be accepted, less than half of London’s Underground stations will be accessible by way of stair-free means by the time of the Olympics in 2012 and this is a situation that they find unacceptable.[28] While being the main means of transport for many spectators who will arrive in London at the time of the Olympic Games, the Tube is also perhaps the most culturally significant icon that London possesses and it will reflect poorly on the country as a whole if accessibility to London Underground stations has not been addressed in a productive manner before 2012. 3.1.1.6 Public Transport Vehicles The regulations applying to public transport vehicles are set out in the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000. These regulations provide standards which are to be met and apply to â€Å"all new public service vehicles (buses or coaches) introduced since 31st December 2000 with a capacity exceeding 22 passengers used to provide a local of scheduled service.†[29] They also set out deadlines for the meeting of the standards. For instance, wheel chair users must be able to access all small buses by the 1st January 2015, large single deck buses by the 1st January 2016 and double deck buses by the 1st January 2017.[30] At present the accessibility by wheelchair users of buses nationwide stands at approximately 30%.[31] However, the DPTAC note that with respect to London’s buses, accessibility for wheelchair users is close to 100%.[32] The main concern with respect to buses in the capital is not in relation to compliance with the required modifications, but rather with the failure of some drivers to use the modifications available to assist their disabled passengers.[33] It should be noted that the Public Service Vehicles Accessibility Regulations 2000 do provide for a driver refusing to assist a disabled person in cases in which doing so would â€Å"adversely affect his health or safety, your safety or that of other passengers or the safety of the vehicle.†[34] However, it should be stressed to all drivers that this exemption should only be relied upon in specific circumstances with clear examples being provided. Finally, the DPTAC also suggest the greater availability of audible and visual information systems and this is an area that Transport for London is considering as an improvement for all their customers, not only those that are disabled.[35] 3.1.1.7 Aircraft and Ships One of the main criticisms of the DDA 1995 is that it fails to specifically address the duties of ship and airline operators. While ports and airports will still need to comply with the requirements of the legislation, the DDA 1995 fails to provide in respect of ships and aircraft the same regulatory making powers that it provides with respect to taxis, rail and public transport vehicles. Ships and aircraft come under European laws dealing with anti-discrimination legislation, however it is still argued that for disability discrimination legislation to be effective, it must apply to all public transport vehicles that operate within the UK. This gap in the legislation is seem as a major hurdle to ensuring that there is consistency across all types of public transport coming up to the Olympic Games and beyond. The DPTAC endorses this view and notes that â€Å"aircraft and ships will be the first and last Olympic travel experience that most overseas participants and audiences will experience, and we believe that the Government should do all it can to ensure that that experience is a positive one.†[36] They also emphasise that aviation and shipping are currently covered by voluntary codes but that the government has made it clear that should these codes fail, they would be prepared to remove the exemption from Part 3 of the DDA 1995 that currently applies to them.[37] As Karen Buck, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport sets out in her response to Tony Manwaring, CEO of Scope, the government is carrying out benchmarking tests in association with DPTAC the results of which were hoped to be available in early 2006. These exercises would then help determine whether or not it was necessary to lift the DDA 1995 Part 3 exemption currently granted to airline and shipping trans port providers.[38] 3.1.1.9 DDA 1995: Comparison to other Anti-Discrimination Legislation One of the most important differences between the DDA and other anti-discrimination legislation is that the DDA only applies to people who meet the criteria set out for being disabled. The Disability Rights Commission estimates that approximately ten million people have rights under the DDA 1995.[39] In contrast, other anti-discrimination legislation is much more pervasive in its application and applies to all members of society as long as they can show that the type of discrimination they are alleged to have suffered occurred. Another important difference is that the DDA takes into account the fact that the aim of assisting people with a disability is not to ensure that they receive equal treatment but rather, treatment which is appropriate to their circumstances. As such, the DDA does not aim to restrict the ability of those dealing with disabled people to positively discriminate in their favour, rather accepting that where appropriate, disabled people need to be treated differently.[40] Under other anti-discrimination legislation, discrimination can never be justified. 3.1.1.9 Criticisms Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, notes that, â€Å"one of the weaknesses of the DDA has been that the service provision elements have been brought in over a lengthy period of time and some disabled people have had to wait for their needs to be met. There are some areas that are unsatisfactory, transport is still not covered, except for design features†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [41] The focus of the DDA 1995 is to put the duty to change on the public transport operators. This focus is sometimes referred to as being â€Å"solution-oriented†.[42] A solution-oriented approach to disability discrimination is a positive and extremely powerful tool in combating discrimination. However, this approach can only genuinely apply to those with physical disabilities and this has lead some commentators to suggest that the DDA 1995 is in fact discriminatory in itself as it places much more emphasis on those with physical disabilities as opposed to those suffering from mental disabilities. This however could be said to simply reflect the relative ease of making adjustments for those with physical disabilities, compared to making adjustments for those suffering from mental illnesses. People suffering from mental illnesses create a much more difficult problem for public transport providers to solve. There are no simple physical modifications that can be made to cater for people suffering from mental illnesses. This is further exacerbated by fact that it is often clear when someone is suffering from a physical impairment and staff can be trained to respond to their needs quickly and effectively. It is a lot more difficult to gauge whether or not someone is suffering from a mental illness, how best to assist them and whether or not they may pose a danger to staff and/or other members of the public. A frightening prospect is that the legislation as it currently stands could allow public transport companies to segregate those with disabilities from the rest of the travelling public. While this is already done to some extent, eg spaces for people needing wheelchair access; it is only a short distance from an ID card which lists a person’s disability, to a separate carriage for those with disabilities. The unfortunate aspect of this is that it would no doubt be argued that this solution provides the best means of catering for the individual needs of disabled people. 3.2 Case Law One of the leading cases decided under the DDA 1995 was Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold).[43] This was an appeal from the Employment Appeal Tribunal and was the first appeal decided by the Court of Appeal (Civil Division) under the DDA 1995. While that case dealt with employment law, Lord Justice Mummery’s comments about the DDA 1995 and its relationship to other anti-discrimination legislation is still of importance to the area of public transport. Lord Justice Mummery stated, â€Å"Contrary to what might be reasonably assumed, the exercise of interpretation is not facilitated by familiarity with the pre-existing legislation prohibiting discrimination in the field of employment (and elsewhere) on the grounds of sex (Sex Discrimination Act 1975) and race (Race Discrimination Act 1976). Indeed, it may be positively misleading to approach the 1995 Act with assumptions and concepts familiar from experience of the workings of the 1975 Act and the 1976 Act. Unlike the earlier discrimination Acts the 1995 Act does not draw the crucial distinction between direct and indirect discrimination on specified grounds; it provides a defence of justification to less favourable treatment which would constitute direct discrimination and be without such a defence under the earlier Acts; and it does not replicate the express requirement of the 1975 Act (section 5(3)) and the 1976 Act (section 3(4)) that, when a comparison of the cases of persons of different sex or persons of different racial groups falls to be made, the comparison must be such that the relevant circumstances in the one case are the same, or not materially different, in the other. One consequence of these differences is that the terms discriminate and discrimination are not used in Part II of the 1995 Act in the same sense as in the earlier Acts. Failure to discern and observe this difference in meaning in decision making (and in commentaries on both the 1995 Act and on decisions under it) can lead to serious conceptual confusion.†The key question that Lord Justice Mummery concluded as being fundamental to whether or not a disabled person had been discriminated against was, â€Å"is the treatment related to a complainant’s disability?†[44] Andy Rickell, director of the British Council of Disable People has stated, in respect of the case law arising from the DDA 1995, â€Å"Barristers are, and have been, running a coach and horses through disabled people’s rights.†[45] Jan Nesbitt, chair of the Disability Law Service, concurred with Rickell’s sentiments but added; â€Å"It’s like any new piece of legislation, barristers will find loopholes because there’s no case law so there’s nothing to test against. I think what happened in the beginning was that a lot of disabled people, in employment tribunals particularily, conducted their own case, and fell at the first hurdle which was proving that they were a disabled person. Any good barrister will make their case. The definition of â€Å"disability†is one of the things that’s currently being reviewed so that tribunals and courts have a better understanding of it. In any case, it is important for disabled people to get access to legal representation when taking a case.†[46] A case more relevant to transport was Roads v Central Trains.[47] This case involved a disabled resident of Norwich who relied on her electric wheelchair for mobility who brought a claim against Central Trains. The facts of the case revolved around the claimant not being able to access platform 1 at the station. The only means of accessing the platform from the side he was on was to either cross the footbridge or travel half a mile down the road where he could pass under the track and return on the other side. As both of these alternatives were not reasonable, the train company suggested the claimant, at no extra cost, take the train to a further station which was equipped with disabled access facilities, adding approximately one hour to the journey time. The claimant suggested that this was not reasonable and that the defendant company should have paid for a specially adapted taxi to drive him around to the other side. In the first instance, the Judge held that as the nearest specia lly adapted taxi was based in Norwich which was some way from Thetford where the station was located, it was unreas
Friday, October 25, 2019
Dracula Essay -- essays research papers
Bram Stoker’s Dracula Lords of the darkness, Darkling Dancers, Nosferatu, Vrikolakas. And the list goes on like this. The vampire concept is thought by the most to be a myth that has crept into almost every culture. It has influenced many writers to write novels on them and many directors to shoot films on. Vampire myths go back way into the times of first recorded history. Many different legends are known about them varying from the Chinese belief of the glowing red eyed monsters with green or pink hair to the Greek Lamia who has the upper body of a woman and the lower body of a winged serpent and the Japanese belief in the vampire foxes. The most commonly known legend which is widely used in filming is the blood drinking man who can transform into a bat or mist, wearing a black cape with a suit and with fangs in his mouth. This significant type is the one that is been explained widely in the eastern European myths. This vampire preys on human victims which are chosen at random by biting and sucking bloo d from the veins in the side of the neck at night time. The prey also becomes a vampire and joins the world of the undead. These specific vampires are the ones who cannot stand the sunlight which will burn them and they usually sleep in a coffin during the daytime. It is believed that these vampires are most active during full moon. They are immortal and they can only be killed if a wooden stake is run through the heart or when they are beheaded. In the year of 1879 an Irish writer, Bram Stoker, unheard with his previous novels and short stories gets inspired on this and writes the most famous books of all times. Here we are at the close of 1998, looking back and seeing the over two hundred theatrical performances and movies made on it. What’s more is that it is the second best seller book after The Bible in Western communities. This cult figure created by the crazy Irishman has effected us in our actions or emotions in some way. Crudely every single person on earth must have heard his name. But why? Looking onto the novel, there is a perfect gothic look presented to us with its every aspect. Infact every single concept covered comes deep from mythology. It talks about blood and fire, death and love, good and bad, fantasy and magic. And the Count; who sometimes happens to be an atrocital monster, a romantic lover†¦ No doubt, these make the novel even... ...e. These women are both Dracula’s lovers and daughters. And this is an example of Freud’s Odysseia Complex which is the base of Sophokles’s Odysseus tale. In Dracula’s character we also see signs of fascism. At the very beginning of the story when he and Jonathan are having dinner, he gets angry with Jonathan because what he speaks about disturbs his thoughts on his background and he pulls his sword out. In addition, he is always in a fascist approach to the Turks and the Gipsies. With these aspects of his, Dracula follows a political opinion and with his style and manner reminds us of the Nazis. Keeping all of these in mind we can see why the story of Dracula is so attractive to us. The Dracula character being a cult figure is because of the fact that his character carries the sins and the emotions of the 20th century: killing, rape, incest, fascism†¦ On the other hand, despite all these Dracula did not forget his true love. Maybe everyone of us finds his/her darkness in the Count and that’s why many people sympathise with him. Whatever it is, the truth is that in the end Count Dracula dies but in real world he has promoted to immortality as a heroic and charismatic character.
Thursday, October 24, 2019
The Challenge Facing Managed Care Organizations
The greatest challenge for managed care organizations (MCOs) in our current time is how to obtain lower priced medical fees. As we all know, American health care should essentially be a nonprofit enterprise. However, the privatization of American health care holds that health care in general and hospitals in particular are increasingly operating on a for-profit basis. In fact, the for-profit hospital sector has accounted for a relatively constant share (about 15 percent) of hospital beds over the last twenty years (Morrisson, 1999). This is why recently the U.S. Congress tries to push more â€Å"consumer-directed†health plan options to avoid cash-strapped managed care organizations (MCOs) to boost their deductibles, raise premiums and even defy federal law by authorizing policy holders to buy prescription drugs from low-cost vendors in Canada (Smith, 23 September 2004). Managed care organizations (MCOs) often apply the traditional fee-for-service models, which do not provide adequate financial controls and utilization incentives for physicians and hospitals to contain the costs of providing healthcare. Under managed care, the needs of the patients are balanced with efforts to provide cost-effective care. Typically, MCOs enroll subscribers by promising to provide all necessary medical care in exchange for a fixed monthly premium. The MCO also contracts with hospitals, physicians, and other healthcare providers to dispense the necessary medical care to its enrollees at a discounted reimbursement rate. In exchange for accepting reduced fees, the caregivers gain access to the MCO’s enrolees (Kirby, Sebastian & Hornberger, 1998). A problem with managed care is that employers who offer a health maintenance organization (HMO) to their employees often pay the premium as long as the HMO premium was not higher than the fee-for-service premium. This behavior by employers creates distorted incentives for the HMO in controlling its costs. Enthoven (1993) suggested that this incentive distortion can be corrected when employers design better alternatives for their employer contributions. The employer could contribute a fixed-dollar amount for health insurance with the employee paying the full difference between plans. The greater the portion of the marginal premium paid by the employees is, the stronger the incentive is to choose lower-cost plans. For example, if the employer pays 80 percent of the premium and the employee pays the remainder, then the employee pays only 20 percent of the difference between the low (let’s presume here) HMO premium and the higher fee-for-service premium. HMOs and other managed care arrangements are organized on a prepayment basis that appear in a wide variety of forms. An HMO could hire physicians on a salary, contract with a preexisting group practice of physicians, or contract with physicians who maintain a fee-for-service practice. According to Luft (1991), â€Å"Because specific social, legal, historical, political, and economic aspects of the medical care environment have shaped delivery systems such as the HMO, it is not reasonable to expect that the typical HMO could be transplanted intact to another country†(p. 173). The key to HMO cost savings is the organization’s wide range of medical services, both inpatient and outpatient. In this way, the HMO can receive the cost savings implied by reduced hospital use. This may be difficult to manage in systems where there are separate financing mechanisms for primary care physicians and inpatient care. As Luft (1991, p. 180) remarks. â€Å"If there were no way to shift funds from the ‘hospital side’ to the ‘physician side,’ it would be difficult to reward clinical decision makers for the development of more cost-effective practice styles.†This is why three areas appear to offer a magnitude of opportunities where MCOs can assist patients, these are ambulatory care, mental health and the alternative therapies. Firstly, ambulatory care-sensitive conditions reflect the quality and availability of primary care services, since they are readily treatable without the need for hospitalization. There are differences in the hospitalization rate for ambulatory care sensitive conditions. Shenkman et al. (2005) had indicated that specialty ambulatory care is important for many children with chronic conditions. However, access to such care may be constrained within managed care environments. The use of primary care providers (PCPs) as gatekeepers for managed care organizations (MCOs) is one commonly used strategy to control specialty care use. Studies of the impact of gatekeeping on children's receipt of specialty care have resulted in mixed findings. Some studies found more specialty care use in gatekeeping MCOs, compared with non-gatekeeping MCOs. Other researchers found that the replacement of a gatekeeping system with an open-access model increased specialty visits among a group of children with chronic conditions. Although the focus on gatekeeping in general yields some important information, MCOs use many other strategies concomitantly with their PCP gatekeepers, such as capitated payments, financial incentives, and prior authorization procedures. The use of these concomitant strategies may meet the unique needs of children with chronic conditions, including their need for specialty physician care. On the other hand, managed care had been significant contributor on delivery systems for mental health services. Taylor et al. (2001) had indicated that direct and indirect persuasion to provide more cost-effective treatments has been one consequence. The cost-saving qualities and the effectiveness of group interventions have produced clear expectations for an increased use of therapy groups. In the research of Taylor et al. (2001), they compared perceptions and uses of group treatments on a national sample of managed care organizations and mental health providers. Implications of differences and similarities between directors of managed care organizations and treatment providers are examined and discussed across five response categories (familiarity/training perceived effectiveness, likelihood of reimbursement/referral, daily use and expectation for future use). Taylor et al (2001) favored the approach where MCOs calibrate treatment referral/reimbursement decisions. Recently published comparison outcome studies and meta-analyses can and should empirically guide the present treatment delivering systems. Lastly, many managed care organizations have already begun to integrate complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) with conventional medical providers. Medical practitioners are obligated to assess CAM therapy with patients. Alternative therapies require professionals to rethink staff competency, patient assessment, and patient-focused care. Medical leaders must understand CAM trends and therapies to better integrate these concepts into health care policy, standards of care, and ethical decisions (Parkman, 2001). Among ambulatory care and mental health care, alternative therapies, or CAM, offers the most favorable and cost-efficient strategy for MCOs. This is because the aging â€Å"baby boom†generation is beginning to experience chronic but non-life threatening conditions, such as joint pain, headaches and menopause-related complaints and they are willing to explore options other than prescription drugs. For health plans, the attraction of offering alternative care products lies in retaining and attracting new members, diversifying their services from competitors in a congested managed care market and in attempts to address current or proposed state mandates (West, 1997). In 1997 alone, expenses for professional services were $21.2 billion, a 45% increase over the earlier 1990 data. Expenses for professional services, herbals, vitamins, diet products, books, and classes totaled $27 billion. Five surveys conducted since 1990 have reported frequent use of CAM, ranging from 30% to 73% by patients suffering from conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, arthritis, HIV and AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Furthermore, the demand for CAM by the general public is increasing, despite the fact that its use is largely paid by consumers without coverage by third-party payers. In 1997, Americans spent an estimated $13 billion for visits to CAM providers and an additional $2 billion for commercial diet supplements and over-the-counter megavitamins (Pelletier & Astin, 2002). Managed care should not only focus on cost savings, but they should also look into diversifying their services. MCOs have generally contributed to the decline in the U.S. health cost growth rate. Their potential will continue to be limited to the extent that employers fail to offer true financial advantages to consumers who choose the low-cost health plans. Thus, more reforms in the policies should be reviewed and revised so that more people could benefit from the quality health care everyone deserves. References Enthoven, A.C. (1993). The History and Principles of Managed Competition. Health Affairs, supplement, 24-48. Kirby, E.G., Sebastian, J.G. and Hornberger, K.D. (1998, Jan/Feb). The Effect of Normative Social forces on Managed Care Organizations: Implications for Strategic management/Practitioner Response. Journal of Healthcare Management. 43(1):81-106. Luft, H. (1991). Translating the U.S. HMO Experience to Other Health System. Health Affairs 10:172-186. Morrison, I. (1999). Health Care in the New Millennium. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Parkman, C. (2001, February). Alternative Therapies Are Here to Stay. Nursing Management, 32(2): 36-40. Pelletier, K.R. and Astin, J.A. (2002, Jan/Feb). Integration and Reimbursement of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Managed Care and Insurance Providers: 2000 Update and Cohort Analysis. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 8(1): 38-44. Shenkman, E., Tian, L. and Schatz, D. (2005, June). Managed Care Organization Characteristics and Outpatient Specialty Care Use Among Children With Chronic Illness. Pediatrics, 115(6): 1547-1555. Smith, C. (2004, Spetember 23). Senate Panel Examines Health Care Choices, Insurance Costs. Knight Ridder Tribune. Taylor, N.T., Burlingame, G.M., Kristensen, K.B., Fuhriman, A. et al. (2001, April). A Survey of Mental Health Care Provider's and Managed Care Organization Attitudes Toward, Familiarity With, and Use of Group Interventions. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 51(2): 243-264. West, D. (1997, November 10). MCOs Integrating Alternative Care. National Underwriter, 101(45): 58. Â
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay
I. Greek Political Thought Plato: Justice, Ideal State Aristotle: Theory of the State, Revolutions II. Medieval and Early Modern Political Thought Church and the State: St. Augustine Marsilio of Padua Nicolo Machiavelli: State and Statecraft I. Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature, Sovereignty John Locke: Theory of Property, Consent and Government J. J. Rousseau: Popular Sovereignty II. Idealism Immanuel Kant: Ethics and Politics G. W. F. Hegel: State and Civil Society T. H. Green: Theory of Rights. Recommended Books: Sukhbir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) John Plamenatz, Man and Society Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER   II: ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY (Classical). Unit I. a). Introduction: Public Administration   Meaning, Scope and Significance. b). Woodrow Wilson: Politics and Administration dichotomy. Unit II. a). Henri Fayol: Functionalism b). F. W. Taylor: Scientific Management Theory Unit III: a). Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick: Administrative Management Theory. b). Max Weber : Bureaucratic Model. Unit IV: a). Mary Parker Follet: Conflict Resolution b). Chester Barnard: Neo Classical Model Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others(eds)    : Administrative Thinkers, (Telugu / English) nd 2 Edition, Sterling, New Delhi. 2. S. P. Naidu                              : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts, New Age International Publications, Hyderabad, 1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep Sachdeva                              : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Fred Luthans                          : Organisational Behaviour. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both  M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER III: INDIAN CONSTITUTION UNIT  I :    (a) Making of the Indian Constitution – Basic Foundations of Indian Constitution (b) Salient Features  of Indian Constitution UNIT II :  (a)  Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (b) Centre  State Relations UNIT III :  (a)  Union Government – Parliament, President, Prime Minister and Cabinet (b) Supreme Court and Judicial Review. UNIT IV : (a)  Provisions for the Welfare of Weaker Sections (b) Reviewing of the Constitution – Sarkaria  Commission and Constitutional Review Commission Reference Books: 1. Granville Austin   The Indian Constitution – Corner Stone of the Nation 2. D. D. Basu   Introduction to the Constitution of India 3. Morris Jones, W. H.   The Government and Politics of India 4. Kothari, R   Politics in India 5. V. D. Mahajan   Indian Constitution 6. J. C. Johari   Indian Constitution M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER IV:  GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN ANDHRA PRADESH UNIT I: a). Approaches to the Study of State Government and Politics. b). Political History of the State Formation of Andhra Pradesh. UNIT II: a) Constitutional Structures b) Political Parties UNIT III: a). Sub Regional Movements: Separate Telangana Movement and Jai And hara Movement. b). Peasant Movements: Telangana Armed Struggle and Naxalite Movement. UNIT IV: a). Public Sector and Politics of Subsidy b). Liberalization. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Myron Weiner (ed. ) 2. Iqbal Narain 3. Reddy & Sharma(eds. ) 4. V. Hanumantha Rao 5. K. V. Narayana Rao 6. Sri Prakash 7. S. C. Kashyap 8. Ashok Sen 9. Babulal Fadia 10. B. A. V. Sharma 11. Barry Pavier 12. G. Ram Reddy State Politics in India.   State Politics in India.  State Government & Politics in A. P. .   Party Politics in Andhra Pradesh.   Emergence of Andhra Pradesh.   State Governors in India.   Politics of Defections: A Study of State Politics in India.   Role of Governors in the Emerging Patterns of Center State Relations in India.   State Politics in India.   Political Economy of India.   Telangana Movement 1944 51.  Panchayati Raj and Rural Development in A. P M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER V a (OPTIONAL): POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS IN ANCIENT INDIA UNIT   I: Political Ideas in the early period a) Samhitas and Brahmanas b) Principal Upanishads. UNIT  II: Political ideas in Dharmasastras a) Apatstambha, Yagnovalkya and Manu. b) Mahabharata. UNIT III: Political Ideas in Anti   Vedic Literature. a) Early Buddhist Literature. b) Early Jain Literature. UNIT IV: Technical Works on Polity. a) Predecessors of Kautilya. b) Kautilya’s Arthasastra. BOOOKS REOMMENDED: 1. Cambridge History of India, vol. I. 2. Ghoshal 3. Jayaswal 4. Rangaswami Aiyanagar 5. Bandopadhyaya 6. Kane, P. V. 7. D. Machenzie Brown 8. Spellman 9. Altaker, A. S. 10. Saletore, B. A. History of Hindu Political Theory   Hindu Polity   Rajadharma   Development of Hindu Political Theories  History of Dharma Sastra, Vol. III   The White Umbrella   The Political Theory of Ancient India   State and Government in Ancient India   Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i) Political Phil ii) osophers on Women: Plato, Aristotle Rousseau, J. S. Mill and Karl Marx iii) Liberal and Radical Approaches iv) Mary Woolstone Craft and Simon de Beauvoir WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ i) The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Lessons from the Experience. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985 . Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9. Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10. Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   Update  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2006 07) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i)         Ancient Political Philosophers on Women – Plato, Aristotle Rousseau. ii) Modern Liberal Thinkers:  Mary Woostonecraft, J. S. Mill iii) Radial thinkers – Karl Marx and Angels, Simon de Beauboir, Kate Millet. WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women – 1988 and 2001. WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT i)The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Women’s Political participation – problems and prospects. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 2     Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985. 3     Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. 4     Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. 5     Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. 6     Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. 7     Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. 8    Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9 Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10 Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   UPDATE  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – III (FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003 – 2004) PAPER – I COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIT I: COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – HISTORY AND CONCEPT 1. Evolution of Comparative Public Administration – Comparative Administration Group (CAG) 2. Definition, Scope and Importance of Comparative Public Administration 3. Comparative Elements in Earlier Administrative Theory. UNIT  II   ? MODELS IN COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1. Bureaucratic Model 2. Ecological Model 3. Administrative Systems Model UNIT  III  : COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS        . 1. Administrative Systems of Developed Nations : USA and UK 2. Administrative Systems of Developing Countries 3. Administrative Systems of Communist States UNIT – IV  :  COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : RECENT TRENDS 1. International Administration 2. Global Public Administration 3. Comparative Public Administration: Decline and Revival. Reference Books: Ferrel Heady : Public Administration : A Comparative Perspective R. K. Arora : Comparative Public Administration : An Ecological Perspective Viswanathan : Comparative Public Administration T. N. Chaturvedi and V. P. Verma (eds. ) : Comparative Public Administration Ali Farazmand : Handbook of Comparative and Development Administration Jean Claude Gareia Zamor and Renu Khator:  Public Administration in the Global Village 7. C. V. Raghavulu and M. Bapuji : Tulanatmaka Prabhutva Palana, Telugu Academy (in Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER  II:  PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. Unit  I: 1. Introduction to Public Personnel Administration:  Meaning, Definition Scope and Significance. 2. Public Service: Concept and Role in Modern State. Unit  II: 1. Recruitment:  Recruitment and Selection Process, Recruitment Policy, Recruitment Methods, Induction and Placement. 2. Classification:  Classification of Services:  Role Classification and Position Classification. Unit  III: 1. Man Power Planning/Human Resource Planning: Meaning Importance, Supply and Demand Forecast. 2. Career Planning:  Meaning and Process, Job Enrichment and Capacity Building. Unit  IV: 1. Pay and Service Conditions:  Pay Principles, Pay Determination And Pay Commissions. 2. Discipline:  Conduct, Discipline and Supeannuation. Reference Books: 1. Glenn O. Sthal               :   Public Personnel Administration 2. Felix A. Nigro                 :   Public Personnel Administration 3. Pfiffner and Presthus     :   Public Administration 4. S. R. Maheswari             :   Indian Administration 5. Avasthi and Maheswari :   Public Administration 6. Ramesh K. Arora and Rajni Goyal  :  Indian Public Administration 7. Report of Administrative Reforms Commission on Personnel Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER   III: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Unit   I: a). The legacy of Indian Administration   Evolution   Kautilya   Moghal period   British period and Constitutional Framework. b) . Structure of Indian Administration : Prime Minister’s role   Central Secretariat  Cabinet Secretariat  PMO c). All India services   UPSC Unit  II:  State Administration a). State Secretarial : Chief Secretary  State Services. b). Role of District Collector. c). Planning Machinery at the State level   District Planning. Unit  III: Issues of Indian Bureaucracy a). Political Executive and Bureaucracy b). Indian Bureaucracy: A case for representatives. c). The Generalist and the Specialist in Indian Administration. Unit IV: a). Administration of Planning: Planning Commission and National Development council. b). Centre  State Administrative Relations. c). People’s Participation in Grassroots Development   Janma Bhoomi   Micro Planning. Unit V: a). Citizen  Administration   Redressal of Citizens’ Grievances   Lokpal and Lokayukta in Andhra Pradesh. b). Corruption in Indian Public Life   Role of Central Vigilance Commission. c). Administrative Reforms and innovations in India. Readings: 1. Ramesh k. Arora and Rajni Goyal : Indian Public Administration, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Hoshiar Singh and Mohinder singh: Public Administration in India, Sterling, New Delhi, 1995. 3. Hoshiar Singh : Indian Administration 4. R. B. Jain : Contemporary issues in Indian Administration, Vishal, Delhi, 1976. 5. Haridwar Rai and S. P. Singh : Current Ideas and issues in Public Administration, th 6. S. R. Maheswari : Indian Administration (5 Edition) 7. J. C. Johari : Indian Political System. 8. Hariharadas : Political System of India. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – IV  PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDIA UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Definition, Scope and Importance of Local   Self Government. 2. History of Rural Local – Self Government in India – Ancient, Medieval and British Periods. UNIT – II  :  PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM – NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE rd Genesis and Development of Panchayati Raj – Significance of 73 Constitutional  Amendment Act 2. Board Pattern of Panchayati Raj System – Structure and Function 1. UNIT – III :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Important  Features of the A. P. Panchayati Raj Act of 1994. 2. Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions. UNIT – IV :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM: IMPORTANT AREAS 1. Panchayati Raj Finances – Role of State Finance Commission 2. Panchayati Raj – State Relations Reference Books: 1. S. R. Maheswari              :   Local Government in India 2. G. Ram Reddy               :    Patterns of Pancharati Raj. 3. B. S. Khanna                  :    Panchayati Raj in India 4. M. Bapuji :   Tulanaatmaka Sthaanika Prabhutwalu (Comparative Local Governments) in Telugu, Telugu M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. a (Optional) POLICE ADMINISTRATION UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Nature and Importance Police Administration 2. Origin and Growth of Police Administration  in India 3. Police Administration in Andhra Pradesh: Salient Features. UNIT   11 :   STRUCTURE OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Police Administration at Central Level 2. Police Administration at State and District Levels 3. Police Administration at Cutting Edge. UNIT – III :   HUMAN RESOURCE ASPECTS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Recruitment and Training 2. Morale and Motivation 3. Police   Code of Conduct and Disciplinary Rules. UNIT – IV :   SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES 1. Public – Police Relations 2. Reforms in Police Administration 3. Police and Trade Union Rights Reference Books: 1. R. K. Bhardwaj      :  Indian Police Administration 2. Girija Shah             :  Modern Police Administration 3. S. Sen                      :  Police in Democratic State 4. J. Singh                   :  Inside Indian Police 5. Favrean, Donald and Gillespic, Joseph E. , Modern Police Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. b(Optional) SOCIAL WELFARE  ADMINISTRATION UNIT – 1 :  INTRODUCTION 1. Concepts of Welfare and Social Welfare 2. Meaning, Scope and Importance of Social Welfare Administration UNIT – II :  SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA 1. Social Welfare  Policies of Government of India 2. Structure of Social Welfare Administration at the Centre, State and District levels UNIT – III :  WELFARE SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES CONCERNING 1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 2. Women and Children UNIT – IV :   AGENCIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. Governmental Agencies 2. Non Governmental Agencies. Reference Books: 1. T. S. Simey :    Principles of Social Administration 2. Paul D. Chowdury :   Social Welfare Administration in India 3. F. W. Reid :    Social Welfare Administration 4. Walter A. Forieldlander :  Introduction to Social Welfare. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – I  COMPARATIVE  POLITICS UNIT. I :  INTRODUCTION 1. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics 2. Growth of the Study of Comparative Politics 3. Major Approaches to Comparative Politics UNIT. II :   POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DEPENDENCY 1. Concept of Development Syndrome – Lucian Pye 2. Centre Periphery – Third World Perspective 3. Origin and Relevance of Dependency Theory UNIT. III :  POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PARTY SYSTEMS 1. Political Ideology: Meaning, Nature and General Characteristics 2. Ideologies of Liberalism, Fascism and Marxism 3. Nature, Functions and Typology of Party Systems UNIT. IV :  CONSTITUTINALISM 1. Meaning and Development of the Term 2. Constitutionalism in the West – England, France and America 3. Problems and Prospects of Constitutionalism in Developing Countries Reading List: 1. Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell   :  Comparative Politics: A Development Approach 2. Lucian Pye :   Aspects of Political Development 3. J. C. Johari                                              :   Comparative Politics 4. Howard, J. Wiarda                                 :    New Directions in Comparative Politics 5. Mortan R. Davies & Vaugham A. Lewis:    Models of Political System 6. S. N. RayÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                         :    Modern Comparative Politics 7. Gwendolen Carter & John H. Herz        :    Government and Politics in the Twentieth Century 8. Samuel, H. Beer                                      :    Modern Political Development M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – II APPROACHES AND THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIT. I :     a)   Introduction :  The Nature of International Relations b)  Normative Approaches,  Structuralism and Neo Realism UNIT. II :    a)   Power, Influence and Authority, Realistic Theory b) Decision – Making Analysis UNIT. III :    a) Systems Approach b) Commun ication Theory UNIT . IV :   a)  Integration Theory, Marxist Perspective b) Peace Research Reference Books: 1. Bull H : International Theory: The Case for Classical Approach, World Politics 2. Knorr, K,, & Rosenau, J. N. :   Contending Approaches to International Politics 3. Clude, I. :   Power and International Relations 4. Herz, J. H. :   International Politics in Atomic Age 5. Kaplan, M. :   System and Process in International Politics 5. Trevor Taylor(ed. )                         :   Approaches and Theory in International Relations 6. Margot Light and A. J. R. Groom :  International Relations – A Handbook of Current Theory M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER III: MODERN POLITICAL THEORY Introductory The Nature of Political Theory Influence of Positivism on Political Theory Empirical Political Theory Perspectives on the Modern State: Liberal and Marxist Central Concepts Related to the Modern State Legitimacy: Legitimation Crisis of the Modern State Rights: Natural Rights, Welfare Rights Liberty: Negative and Positive Liberty? Marxian Notion of Liberty Justice: Different Conceptions New Directions Post Modernism: Michel Foucault on Power Feminist Perspectives on Patriarchy and Power Communitarianism Issues and Ideas in Contemporary Political Theory End of History: Francis Fukuyama Clash of Civilizations: Samuel Huntington Third Way: Anthony Giddens Post Liberalism: John Gray Recommended Books: S. P. Varma, Modern Political Theory Madan G. Gandhi, Modern Political Theory J. C. Johari, Contemporary Political Theory III. David Miller, Social Justice Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis N. Barry, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory Michael Freeden, Rights Zygmunt Bauman, Freedom David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State Vidhu Varma, Justice, Equality and Community: An Essay in Marxist Theory Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man Samuel J. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Anthony Giddens, The Third Way John Gray, Post liberalism: Studies in Political Thought M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – IV: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT UNIT – 1 :  Foundations  of Modern Indian Political Thought 1. Rammohan Roy 2. Dayananda Saraswati 3. Bala Gangadhara Tilak UNIT – II :  Gandhian Thought 1. Non  Violence and Satyagraha 2. Relationship between Means and Ends. 3. Concept of State and Government. UNIT   III :   Socialist and Humanist Thought 1. Ram Manohar Lohia 2. Jawaharlal Nehru 3. M. N. Roy UNIT  IV :  Problem of Minorities and Backward Social Groups 1. M. A. Jinnah 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, General Readings: 1. Sankar Ghose , Modern Indian Political Thought 2. O. P. Goyal? Studies in Modern Indian Political Thought 3. G. N. Sarma and Moin Shakir, Politics and Society:  Ram Mohan Roy to Nehru 4. V. P. Varma, Modern Indian Political Thought Recommended Readings: th 1. A. Appadorai, Indian Political Thinking in the 20 Century from Naoroji to Nehru 2. O. P. Goyal, Contemporary Indian Political Thought 3. A. M. Zaidi, Encylopaedia of Indian National Congress (Students should refer relevant sections in  different Volumes) 4. Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India 5. A. R. Desai, Social Backward of Indian Nationalism 6. Thomas Pantham and Deutsch, Modern Political Thought in India 7. K. P. Karunakaran, Democracy in India M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V. a (Optional): DIPLOMACY UNIT  I : 1. The Nature and Origins of Modern Diplomacy. 2. The Development of Diplomatic Theory UNIT  II : 1. The Transition from Old Diplomacy to New Diplomacy 2. Democratic Diplomacy UNIT  III : 1. Recent Changes in Diplomatic Practice 2. Points of Diplomatic Procedure UNIT  IV : 1. Propaganda and Diplomacy 2. Diplomacy in the UN Reference Books: 1. Bailey, Sydney B. :   The General Assembly of the United Nations, Stevens 2. Bowles, Chester. :   Ambassador’s Report, NY, Haper 3. Briggs, Hebert W. :   The Law of Nations, NY, Appleton Century Crofts 4. Carr, E. H. :    The Twenty Years of Crisis, London, Macmillan 5. Huddleston Sisley        :    Popular Diplomacy and War, Peterborough 6. Krishna Murthy, G. V. G:   Dynamics of Diplomacy, National Publishing House, New Delhi 7. Nicolson Harold          :     Diplomacy, London, Oxford University Press 8. Plischke, Elmer           :     Summit Diplomacy, Maryland 9. Satow Sir Ernest         :     A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Longmans M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V b (Optional): POLITICAL ECONOMY UNIT  I: Theories of Political Economy? a) Classical Political Economy   Adam Smith and David   Ricardo. b) Marxian Political Economy. UNIT   II: a) Theories of Underdevelopment  A. G. Frank, Samir Amin. b) Liberalization and its Implications for National Economies. UNIT  III: a) Impact of Colonial Rule on Indian Economy. b) Indian Economy: Important Features. UNIT IV: a) State Directed Economy. b) Structural Adjustment. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Koxlou, G. A. 2. Afanasye, L. 3. Bardan, Pranab 4. Howard, M. C. 5. Bagchi, A. K. 6. Frankel & Frankel 7. Amartya Sen 8. Robert Lucas and Gustav Planack 9. Ranjit Sau 10. C. T. Kurein 11. D. J. Byres 12. Micheal Clossudosky 13. Partha Chatterje 14. B. A. V. Sharma   Political Economy of Socialism   Political Economy of Capitalism   Political Economy of Development in India   Political Economy of Marx   Political Economy of Under Development.   Political Economy of India, 1947 77.   Commodities and Capabilities.   Indian Economy: Recent Developments and Future Prospect.   Indian Economic Development.   Globalisation and Indian Economy.   The State Development Planning and Liberalisation in India.   The Globalisation of Poverty.   State and Politics in India.   Political Economy of India. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Western Political Thought – II. 1. Liberalism Adam Smith: Political Economy Jeremy Benthan: Principle of Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty, Representative Government 2. Contemporary  Liberalism F. A. Hayek on Liberty Robert Nozick: Minimal State John Rawis: Theory of Justice 3. Socialism Early Socialists: Saint Simon and Robert Owen Marl Marx: Critique of Capitalism, Revolution Antonio Gramsci: Civil Society and Hegemony 4. Revisions to Socialism Revisions to Marxism: Eduard Bemstein Critical theory: Herbert Marcuse Post Marxism: Emesto Laclau Recent Trends in Socialist Theory. Recommended Books: Sukhabir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory Anthony Crespigny and Kenneth Minlgue, Contemporary Political Philosophers Bhiku Parekh, Contemporary Political Thinkers V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia John Gray, Liberalism Bernard Crick, Socialism David Held, An Introduction to Critical Theory Roger Simon, Gramsd’s Political Thought: An Introduction Emesto Laciau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time David Muller, Market, Sate and Community G. A. Cohen,†Is There Still a Case for Socialism†M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Contemporary Administrative Theory Unit   I. a) Elton Mayo: Human Relations Theory b) Herbert A Simon: Decision Making Theory a) Motivation Theory: Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs b) Frederck Herzberg: Motivation _ Hygiene Theory a) Douglas McGregor: Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’ b) Chris Argynis: Integration Between the individual and the organization. Unit – II. Unit III. Unit IV. a) Rensis Likert: Management Systems b) Theories of Leadership – Michigan Studies, Chio State Leadership Studies, Group Dynamics, Managerial Grid and Contingency Model. Unit   V. a) Policy Analysis: Yehzkel Dror. b) New Public Administration: Minnobrook Perspective. Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others (ed) 2. S. P. Naidu : Administrative Thinkers(Telugu / English) : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts. New Age International Publications, Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, Sachdeva. New Delhi,1999. 4. Fred Luthans : Organizational Behavior 5. Likert R. , : New Patterns of Management 6. Argyris C. : Personality and Organization 7. Prank Marini : New Public Administration.  · Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – III : Public Policy Unit   I. a) Public Policy: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Importance. b) The Pioneers:Harold D. Lasswell and Yehezkel Dror. Policy Formulation: Some Models a) Systems Model b) Group Model c) Elite Model Theories of Decision – Making: a) Rational Comprehensive Theory b) Incremental Theory c) Mixed – Scanning Unit   II. Unit –III. Unit IV. Unit – V. Evaluation of Public Policies Public Policies in India: a) Industrial Policy b) Agrarian Policy Recommended Text Books: 1. Anderson, James E. : Public Policy making 2. Dye, Thomas R: Under Standing Public Policy 3. Yehzakel Dror: Ventures in Policy Sciences: Concepts and Applications. 4. Dutt and Sundaram: Indian Economy Recommended Reference Books: 1. Laswell,Harold. D. : Policy Sciences, International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. 2. Dye, Thomas R. : Policy Analysis 3. Ira Sharankasy (ed. ) : Policy Analysis in Political Science 4. Charles E. Lindblom : The Policy making process 5. Daniel Lernor and H. D. Lasswell : The Poplicy Sciences: Recent Development in Scope and Method 6. Di Nitto, Diana M, and Dye, Thomas R :Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy 7. Francis Ankle : India’s Political Economy 1947 77: The Gradual Revolution. 8. Jag Mohan (ed. ) : 25 years of Indian Independence 9. M. Kistaiah : Public Policy and Administration 10. Srimal Mohan Lal : Land Reforms in India Promise and performance. 11. Raja Purohit A. R. (ed. ) : Land Reforms in India 12. Sharma, B. A. V. (ed. ) : Political Economy of India: A Study of Land Reforms. 13. Vijay Joshi an IMD Little : India’s Economic Reforms 1991 2001 14. Dreze Jeep and Amarty Sen (eds. ) : The Political Economy of Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper IV. Research Methodology Unit   I. :Social Research and Methods 1. Traditional Methods 2. Scientific Method 3. Importance of Social Research : Theory Formation 1. Theory 2. Facts and Values 3. Concept Formation Unit – II. Unit III. Hypothesis and Research Design 1. formation of Hypothesis 2. Testing of Hypothesis 3. Research Design Unit – IV. Collection and Analysis of Data and Report Writing 1. Sampling, Observation, Interview and Questionnaire 2. Analysis of Data 3. Report Writing Reading List: 1. W. J. Goode & P. K. Hatt: Methods of Social Research 2. Wilkinson & Bhandarkar: Methodology and Techniques of Social Research 3. Pauline Young: Scientific Social Surveys. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper III. Indian Political Process Unit  I . : 1. Indian Polity: Theoretical Framework 2. Socip – Political Legacies : Hindu, British and Gandhian : 1.
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